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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 things that bones contain?
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Bone tissue
Nerves Cartilage Connective tissue |
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What supply nutrients to bone to support its activities?
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Blood vessels
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What provides the hardness of bone?
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Minerals
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What percentage of bones are comprised of minerals?
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65%
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What structures provide strength, durability, and flexibility of bones?
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organic structures
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What percentage of bones are comprised of organic structures?
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35%
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What is the fibrous protein in bone tissue?
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Collagen
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What are the mineral crystals around collagen designed to bear the weight of bones?
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Hydroxyapatite
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What is the name of compact bone?
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Cortical bone
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What percentage of the skeleton is comprised of cortical bone?
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80%
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What part of the bone is considered cortical bone?
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Outer surface of the bone
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The outer surface of the bone is called what?
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Cortical bone
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What part of the bone is considered trabecular?
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The inside of bones (scaffolding)
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What is the role of trabecular bone?
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To support the outer, cortical bone.
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Which has a faster turnover rate: cortical bone or trabecular bone?
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Trabecular bone
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What type of bone would be considered "spongy"?
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Trabecular bone
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Where are most blood cells produced?
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Bone marrow
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By what age does the increase in bone size finish?
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17 in boys
14 in girls |
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What are the 3 types of bone development?
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bone growth
bone modeling bone remodeling |
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What process do osteoclasts engage in?
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Resorption: breaking down the surface of bones
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What kind of cell erodes the surface of and breaks down bones?
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Osteoclasts
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What kind of cell forms, or builds, new bone matrix?
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Osteoblasts
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What do osteoblasts do?
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Lay down the collagen-containing component of bone for synthesis of new bone.
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At what age does bone resorption exceed new bone formation?
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After age 40
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What is used to measure bone density?
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Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
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What 5 nutrients (besides calcium) are essential for bone health?
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Vitamin D
Vitamin K Phosphorus Magnesium Fluoride |
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What are the 7 functions of calcium?
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Structure for bones & teeth
Assists with acid-base balance Transmission of nerve impulses Assists in muscle contraction Maintains healthy blood pressure Initiates blood clotting Regulates hormones and enzymes |
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Low blood calcium levels causes secretion of what?
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Parathyroid hormone
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Parathyroid hormone causes what?
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Activation of vitamin D
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Activation of vitamin D causes increase/decrease of what in the blood?
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Increase of calcium levels
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Where do the increased blood calcium levels, caused by activation of vitamin D, come from?
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Reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
Release of Calcium into bloodstream by breakdown of bone Absorption of calcium from intestines |
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What is secreted by the thryoid gland when blood calcium levels are high?
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Calcitonin
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Is acidity or basicity conducive to calcium absorption?
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Acidity
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What requires 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin d?
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Calcium absorption
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What is the range of adequate intake (AI) for calcium?
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1000 to 1300 mg/day
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Milk, green, leafy vegetables, fortified foods, and fish with edible bones are good sources of what?
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Calcium
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What causes calcium deposits in soft tissues?
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Hypercalcemia (high blood calcium)
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What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?
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Muscle spasms
Convulsions |
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What vitamin is considered a hormone?
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Vitamin D
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What vitamin stimulates osteoclasts?
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Vitamin D
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What are 2 forms of vitamin D?
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Ergocalciferol (D2)
Cholecalciferol (D3) |
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Which form of vitamin D is found in animal sources?
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Cholecalciferol (D3)
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What condition in children is caused by vitamin D deficiency?
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Rickets
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What is the animal form of Vitamin K?
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Menaquinone
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What is the plant form of Vitamin K?
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Phylloquinone
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What are toxicity effects of Vitamin K?
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No known side effects
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Deficiency effects of Vitamin K?
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Reduced blood clotting and excessive bleeding
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Long term use of what can lead to deficiency of Vitamin K?
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Antibiotics
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Injection of Vitamin K into newborns at birth can prevent what disease?
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Hemorrhagic newborn disease
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What is the major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte?
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Phosphorus
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What are the 3 major functions of Phosphorus?
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Bone formation, proper fluid balance, and as a component of ATP, DNA, and membranes
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What natural foods are good sources of phosphorus?
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Milk, Meat, and Eggs
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What are caused by high levels of phosphorus?
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Muscle spasms and convulsions
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What organs regulate blood magnesium levels?
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Kidneys
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What are the functions of magnesium?
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Cofactor for over 300 enzymes, required for ATP, DNA, and proteins, and supports vitamin D metabolism, muscle contraction, and blood clotting
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Do men or women need to intake more Magnesium each day?
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Men
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What enhances absorption and retention of magnesium?
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Dietary protein
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What are the effects of magnesium toxicity?
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Diarrhea, nausea, cramps, dehydration, acid-base imbalances
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In whom does hypermagnesemia occur?
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In individuals with impaired kidney function (antacid)
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Effects of magnesium deficiency?
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Hypomagnesium: results in hypocalcemium, and is associated with osteoporosis, heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes
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Where is fluoride stored?
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Teeth and bones
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What are the functions of fluoride?
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Develops and maintains teeth and bones, and combines with calcium and phosphorus to protect teeth from bacterial destruction
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What is the range of recommended intake of Fluoride?
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from 1 to 4 mg/day
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What are sources of fluoride?
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Fluoridated dental products, and fluoridated water (not in bottled water)
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What is the condition of excess fluoride?
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Fluorosis: too much protein content of tooth enamel makes teeth porous
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What is caused by deficiency of fluoride?
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Dental cavities (caries)
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What is characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, fragile bones, bone-fracture risk, decreased height due to compression of bone, and shortening and hunching of the spine?
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Osteoporosis
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What are risk factors for osteoporosis?
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Age, gender, smoking, poor nutrition, and physical inactivity
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What characterizes the female athlete triad?
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Low energy availability, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
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What medications slow the progression of osteoporosis?
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Anti-resorptive medications (bisphosphonates), and anabolic medications (parathyroid hormone)
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