Nutrition Ch. 8

Front 1

an instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, thus providing an estimate of the potential energy of the foods

Back 1

bomb calorimeter

Front 2

measures the amount of heat released

Back 2

direct calorimetry

Front 3

measures the amount of oxygen consumed

Back 3

indirect calorimetry

Front 4

eating in response to arousal is called?

Back 4

stress eating

Front 5

the integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating.

Back 5

appetite

Front 6

the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior

Back 6

hunger

Front 7

the feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating.

Back 7

satiation

Front 8

the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal

Back 8

satiety

Front 9

having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating

Back 9

satiating

Front 10

a chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure, and increases fat storage

Back 10

neuropeptide Y

Front 11

the generation of heat; used in physiology and nutrition studies as an index of how much energy the body is expending

Back 11

thermogenesis

Front 12

the energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest

Back 12

basal metabolism

Front 13

the rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12-hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting.

Back 13

basal metabolic rate(BMR)

Front 14

expressed as kcalories per kilogram body weight per hour

Back 14

BMR

Front 15

a measure of the energy use of a person at rest in a comfortable setting, but with less stringent criteria for recent food intake and physical activity

Back 15

resting metabolic rate (BMR)

Front 16

an estimation of the energy required to process food

Back 16

thermic effect of food

Front 17

adjustments in evergy expenditure related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status

Back 17

adaptive thermogenesis

Front 18

the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight

Back 18

body composition

Front 19

an index of a person's weight in relation to height

Back 19

body mass index

Front 20

determined by dividing the weight by the square of the height

Back 20

body mass index

Front 21

body weight below some standard of acceptable weight that is usually defined in relation to height

Back 21

underweight

Front 22

body weight above some standard of acceptable weight that is usually defined in relation to height

Back 22

overweight

Front 23

overwieght with adverse health effects

Back 23

obese

Front 24

BMI below 18.5

Back 24

underweight

Front 25

BMI 25 to 29.9

Back 25

overweight

Front 26

BMI 30 or higher

Back 26

obese

Front 27

BMI 18.5 to 24.9

Back 27

healthy weight

Front 28

fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs, as opposed to the fat stored directly under the skin

Back 28

intra-abdominal fat

Front 29

excess fat around the trunk of the body

Back 29

central obesity

Front 30

an anthropometric measurement used to asses a person's abdominal fat

Back 30

waist circumference

Front 31

the condition on which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect in muscle, adipose, and liver cells, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose

Back 31

insulin resistance

Front 32

an immunological response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells

Back 32

inflammation

Front 33

body weight is ______ when energy is equal to energy expended.

Back 33

stable

Front 34

one pound of body fat is equal to how many kcalories

Back 34

3500

Front 35

an instument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned

Back 35

bomb calorimeter

Front 36

measures the heat energy released

Back 36

direct calorimetry

Front 37

measures the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expelled

Back 37

indirect calorimetry

Front 38

the difference between the number of knalories measured with calorimetry and the number of kcalories that the human body derives from a food

Back 38

physiological fuel value

Front 39

initiates eating through the sight, smell, thought or taste of food.

Back 39

appetite

Front 40

the feeling that motivates us to eat and is controlled by the hypothalamus

Back 40

hunger

Front 41

the feeling of satisfaction and fullness that causes us to stop eating

Back 41

satiation

Front 42

reminds us not to eat again until the body needs food

Back 42

satiety

Front 43

eating that is in response to arousal

Back 43

stress eating

Front 44

what are cognitive infuences to override hunger and satiety?

Back 44

perceptions
memories
intellect
social interactions

Front 45

what helps in sustaining hunger and satiety?

Back 45

protein
complex carbohydrates

Front 46

what hurts you in sustaining hunger and satiety?

Back 46

high fat foods stimulate and entice people to eat more

Front 47

integrates messages about energy intake, expenditure, and storage

Back 47

hypothalamus

Front 48

initiates eating, decreases energy expenditure, increases fat storage and causes carbohydrate craving

Back 48

neuropeptide Y

Front 49

includes basal metabolic activites, physical activity, thermic effect of food and adaptive thermogenesis

Back 49

energy expenditure

Front 50

how are evergy expenditure affected?

Back 50

they are affected by age, gender, weight, and height

Front 51

how much of energy expenditure is basal metabolic rate?

Back 51

2/3

Front 52

a measure of energy slightly higher than BMR

Back 52

resting metabolic rate

Front 53

what factors make the BMR increase?

Back 53

height
growth
body composition
fever
stress
evironmental temperature
premenstrual hormones
smoking
caffeine

Front 54

what factors make the BMR decrease?

Back 54

fasting
starvation
malnutrition
sleep

Front 55

what factor can either raise or lower BMR?

Back 55

thyroid hormone

Front 56

estimated at 10% of total energy intake nd involves digestion and absorption

Back 56

thermic effect of food

Front 57

what is the percentages of the thermic effect of food?

Back 57

carbs 5-10%
fat 0-5%
protein 20-30%
alcohon 15-20%

Front 58

the adjustment in energy expenditure related to environmental changes

Back 58

adaptive thermogenesis

Front 59

do men or women generally have a higher basal metabolic rate?

Back 59

men

Front 60

how does the BMR affect growing people?

Back 60

the BMR is higher in people that are growing

Front 61

how does the BMR affect age?

Back 61

BMR declines as lean body mass decreases

Front 62

how does BMR affect body compostition?

Back 62

taller people and heavier people have higher BMR's

Front 63

Current weight standards use_______ and______ data and do not take body composition into consideration

Back 63

height and weight

Front 64

measures relative weight for height.

Back 64

Body mass index (BMI)

Front 65

why do some people need less body fat?

Back 65

Fat for fuel
Fat for insulation and protection
Fat to assist in nerve impulse transmissions
Fat to support normal hormone activity

Front 66

why do some people need more body fat?

Back 66

Thresholds differ among individuals
Thresholds differ for each function

Front 67

excess fat around the trunk of the body

Back 67

Central obesity

Front 68

Practical indicator of fat distribution and abdominal fat

Back 68

Waist Circumference

Front 69

what is the high risk waist circumference for women and men?

Back 69

≥ 35 is considered high risk for women
≥ 40 is considered high risk for men

Front 70

An appropriate weight for an individual depends on many factors... what are those factors?

Back 70

body fat distribution, health history and current state of health.

Front 71

what are the Health Risks of an Underweight person?

Back 71

Cannot handle medical stresses
Menstrual irregularities and infertility
Pregnancy problems
Osteoporosis and bone fractures

Front 72

what the health risks of an overweight person?

Back 72

Diabetes
Hypertension
Cardiovascular disease
Sleep apnea
Osteoarthritis
Some cancers
Gallbladder disease
Kidney disease
Respiratory problems – Pickwickian syndrome
Complications in pregnancy and surgery

Front 73

what are eating disorders?

Back 73

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorders

Front 74

what causes eating disorders?

Back 74

sociocultural, psychological, and perhaps neurochemical factors

Front 75

who are the most likely group to have eating disorders?

Back 75

athletes

Front 76

why do athletes become to have an eating disorder?

Back 76

Desire to improve performance
Enhance aesthetic appeal of their performance
Meet unsuitable weight standards

Front 77

Characterized by low blood estrogen, infertility, and mineral losses from the bone

Back 77

Amenorrhea

Front 78

Contributors include excessive training, depleted body fat, low body weight, and inadequate nutrition.

Back 78

amenorrhea

Front 79

menarche delayed beyond 16 years of age

Back 79

primary amenorrhea

Front 80

absence of three to six consecutive menstrual cycles

Back 80

secondary amenorrhea

Front 81

what are some factors of Osteoporosis

Back 81

Stress hormones compromise bone health.
Stress fractures are common bone injuries.
Adequate calcium is recommended.

Front 82

a psychiatric disorder concerning obsession with building body mass.

Back 82

Muscle dysmorphia

Front 83

how do you prevent eating disorders in athletes?

Back 83

Follow USDA Food Guide for food servings.
Eat frequently, especially healthy snacks.
Establish a reasonable weight goal.
Allow reasonable time to achieve the weight goal.
Join a weight maintenance support group.

Front 84

what are characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa?

Back 84

Self-starvation – tremendous self-control to limit eating
Physical consequences are major and life threatening.

Front 85

what are the characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa?

Back 85

Binge eating – lack of control over eating, excessive kcalories from high-fat, low-fiber and high-carbohydrate foods eaten all at once
Purging – cathartic and/or emetic

Front 86

what is the treatment for anorexia nervosa?

Back 86

Food and weight
Relationships with self and others

Front 87

what is the treatment for bulimia nervosa?

Back 87

Weight maintenance
Regular exercise
Counseling

Front 88

An unspecified eating disorder sharing some of the characteristics of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa yet does not meet the criteria for diagnosis.

Back 88

Binge-Eating Disorder

Front 89

Lack of self-control over eating with binges
Consuming large quantities of food, eating quickly, feeling uncomfortably full, eating alone, and feeling disgusted or guilty
Marked distress
Occurrence of two times per week for six months
Not associated with compensatory behaviors
these are characteristics of?

Back 89

Binge-Eating Disorder

Front 90

where does eating disorders more often occur?

Back 90

Occur more commonly in developed nations where food and money are plentiful

Front 91

what is the key to prevent eating disorders?

Back 91

Learning to appreciate the uniqueness of oneself

Front 92

the sensations of hunger, satiation, and satiety that promp a person to eat or not eat

Back 92

appetite

Front 93

the psychological signal of food intake?

Back 93

appetite

Front 94

an irritating feeling that prompts thought of food and motivates them to start eating

Back 94

hunger

Front 95

the physiological response to a need for food triggered by chemical messengers originating and acting in the brain

Back 95

hunger

Front 96

determines what to eat, when to eat, and how much to eat

Back 96

hunger

Front 97

a person feels hungry tipically how many hours after eating?

Back 97

4 hours

Front 98

which hormone makes you feel full?

Back 98

cholecystokinin

Front 99

what is the messenger that triggers your brain to tell you that your hungry?

Back 99

hypothalamus

Front 100

receptors in the stomach stretch and hormones such as cholecystokinin increase, the person begins to feel full. what is the response to this?

Back 100

satiation

Front 101

continues to suppress hunger and allows a person to not eat again for a while.

Back 101

satiety

Front 102

how do people override hunger and satiety?

Back 102

eat in response to any kind of stress, negative or positive
respond to external cues such as the time of day
the availability, sight, and taste of food
environmental influences

Front 103

what is the most satiating?

Back 103

protein

Front 104

what are some high satiating foods?

Back 104

protein
foods low energy density
high fiber foods

Front 105

what foods have low satiating?

Back 105

fat foods

Front 106

the control center, integrating messages about energy intake, expenditure, and storage from other parts of the brain and from the mouth, GI tract, and liver

Back 106

hypothalamus

Front 107

causes carb cravings, initiates eating, decreasing, energy expenditure, and increases fat storage

Back 107

neuropeptide Y

Front 108

the generation of heat

Back 108

thermogenesis

Front 109

can be measured to determine the amount of energy expended

Back 109

thermogenesis

Front 110

what are the three main categories of thermogenesis

Back 110

basal metabolism
physical activity
food consumption

Front 111

how much energy is expeded through basal metabolism

Back 111

2/3

Front 112

the rate at which the body expends energy for these maintenance activities

Back 112

basal metabolic rate

Front 113

how much of energy is expended from physical activities

Back 113

30-50%

Front 114

how much of energy is expended through basal metabolism

Back 114

50-65%

Front 115

how much energy is expended through thermic effect of food

Back 115

10%

Front 116

slightly higher than the BMR because its criteria for recent food intake and physical activity are not as strict

Back 116

resting metabolic rate

Front 117

when is the BMR highest?

Back 117

in growing people and with lean body mass

Front 118

voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles and support systems

Back 118

physical activity

Front 119

what are the factors for the amount of energy needed for any activity

Back 119

muscle mass
body weight
activity

Front 120

acceleration of activity requires energy and produces heat

Back 120

thermic effect of food

Front 121

additional energy that is spent when a person must adapt to dramatically changed circumstances

Back 121

adaptive thermogenesis

Front 122

how do you convert pounds to kilograms

Back 122

divide by 2.2

Front 123

how do you convert inches to meters

Back 123

divide by 39.37

Front 124

the actual energy requirements are within what range for most men and for women?

Back 124

+/- 200 kcal for men
+/- 160 for women

Front 125

fat+lean tissue=?

Back 125

body weight

Front 126

how many of preteen girls and how many of boys are dissatisfied with their body weight and shape

Back 126

half of girls and 1/3 of guys

Front 127

what is the formula for BMI

Back 127

weight(kg)
__________
height (m^2)

Front 128

how many adults in the US have a BMI greater than 25

Back 128

over half

Front 129

what is the percent of body fat in a normal weight man and woman

Back 129

13-21% for men
23-31% for women

Front 130

how much body fat may is contributed to excessively obese adults

Back 130

70%

Front 131

fat that is stored directly under the skin

Back 131

subcutaneous fat

Front 132

stored around the organs of the abdomen

Back 132

central obesity

Front 133

central obesity is associated with what diseases?

Back 133

heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, gallstones, and some cancers

Front 134

the most practival indicator of fat distribution and central obesity

Back 134

waist circumference

Front 135

what are some common methods used to assess body fat

Back 135

skinfold measures, air displacement plethysmography, hydrodensitometry, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA), and bioelectrical impedance

Front 136

what are some health risks for underweight people?

Back 136

unable to preserve lean tissue, have a tough battle against medical stresses, women develop menstrual irregularities and become infertile, women give birth to unhealthy babies, osteoporosis and bone fractures

Front 137

what are some health risks for overweight people?

Back 137

diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, some cancers, gallbladder disease, kidney stones, respiratory problems, complications in pregnancy and surgery

Front 138

what is the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease?

Back 138

the relationship is strong

Front 139

what is the relationship between insulin resistance and obesity?

Back 139

the relationship is strong

Front 140

a cluster of symptoms of high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and high waist circumference is known as what?

Back 140

metabolic syndrome

Front 141

what is the relationship between cancer and obesity?

Back 141

researchers are not sure