Nutrition Ch 5-8 (Exam 2)

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Transcription

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When a new polypeptide chain is needed, DNA replicates itself and forms a new milecule called messenger RNA (mRNA)

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Translation

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mRNA translates needed information to ribosomes

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Role of mRNA

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copies instructions for making protein the cell needs

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Role of tRNA

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Carry amino acids to the mRNA (dictates sequence in which amino acids will be attached to form protein strands)

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Cori Cycle

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-Glucose is converted to pyruvate during glycolysis. If not enough oxygen, pyr. is converted to lactate and released from muscle into blood.

-Lactate travels through the blood to the liver.

-Lactate taken up by liver and converted to pyr. and then into glucose or sent back into blood to be taken up by muscle.

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Significance of Oxaloacetate

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without it, acetyl-COA wouldn't have anything to react with

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Anerobic vs Aerobic (differences and when/where each occur)

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-Anerobic: Produces more ATP per minute, only provides 1-1.5 minutes of maximal activity, high-intensity, short-duration activities.

-Aerobic: Produce ATP indefinitely; low-intensity, long-duration activities; when demand for ATP is > rate of metabolism, activity slows down.

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Metabolism during fasting

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-fasting: no protein; liver and muscle glycogen is broken down to provide glucose for energy; Triglycerides are broken down to glycerol and fatty acids to be used for energy metabolism.

-Feasting

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Metabolism during feasting

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Amino acids are used for protein synthesis or stored as a triglyceride in adipose tissue; Glucose is used for energy or stored as glycogen in liver or muscle; fatty acids and glycerol are stored as a triglyceride in adipose tissue.

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Basics of Alcohol metabolism

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Some alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde in stomach before it's absorbed; some is absorbed through the stomach; most is absorbed in small intestine; majority is metabolized by liver; alcohol not metabolized will return to blood and circulate through body.

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Equivalent of 1 Drink

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12 oz of beer, 5 oz of wine, 1.5 oz of liquor

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Drink recommendations per gender

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M: 2 per day, F: 1 per day

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Saturated vs Unsaturated fats (definitions and different properties)

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-Saturated: All carbons on fatty acid are bound to hydrogen, no double bonds, solid at room temp, high melting point.

-Unsaturated: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, liquid at room temp, lower melting point.

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Creation of Trans Fats

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During hydrogenation process, some double bonds are reconfigured and could form trans fatty acids.

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Properties of trans fats

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Raise LDL cholesterol, Lower HDL Cholesterol.

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How a fat is named (Omega 3...)

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depends on where the first double bond is. EX: omega 3's double bond is between 3rd and 4th carbons from Omega end.

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What can be converted to fat and how

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...

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Composition of Triglycerides

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3 fatty acids connected to glycerol backbone. Make up about 95 percent of lipids found in foods

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Comp of Phospholipids

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glycerol backbone and two fatty acids, phosphate group, and different nitrogen-containing compounds. Hydrophilic on one end; hydrophobic on other. Make up phospholipid bilayer in cell membrane.

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Comp of sterols

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Don't contain glycerol or fatty acids. Don't provide energy. Cholesterol. Phytosterols and phytostanols are major plant sterols.

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Significance of phospholipids

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Attracts water; creates two layer membrane that surround cell allowing certain substances to enter while preventing others; Cholesterol adds stability and fluidity to cell.

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Significance and role of Chylomicrons

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Travel through lymph fluid, enter bloodstream through thoracic duct, FACILITATE LIPID ABSORPTION.

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S & R of HDL

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Carry cholesterol from cells to liver (good cholesterol)

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S & R of LDL

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Carry cholesterol from liver to tissues (bad cholesterol)

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Blood Lipid profile

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Screening that determines things such as cholesterol levels. Results can identifity certain genetic disorders and determine risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Basic process of fat metabolism (CCK, Bile, lipase, etc)

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CCK: Bile, Pancreatic lipase.

Phospholipids: Emulsified by bile, dismantled into two free fatty acids and the phospholipid remnant, packaged as micelles, transported through intestinal wall.

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Protein Structures

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made up of chains of amino acids that are made based on an individual's DNA. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Negative vs positive nitrogen balance

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-Positive: Pregnant women, people recovering from surgery or injury, and growing children. Should consume enough to build new tissue.

-Negative: Immediately after surgery, fighting infection, or severe emotional trauma. Need to consume enough kilocalories and protein to meet demand.

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Transamination

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process of forming nonessential amino acids by transferring nitrogen from one amino acid to a keto acid.

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Deamination, ammonia, urea

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Limited amino acid pool capacity. Deamination occurs when the amine group is removed from the amino acid. Ammonia is converted into urea and excreted as urine.

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Basic Process of protein metabolism (deamination, transamination, pepsin, ammonia, urea)

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Liver metabolizes amino acids. Amino Acid pools supply body's need for protein synthesis. Protein T/O is process of degrading and synthesizing proteins. Nonessential amino acids are synthesized through transamination. Protein can be used for gluconeogenesis if too few kilocalories or carbs are consumed. Excess protein is converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue.