Nutrition And Metabolism Ch.18

Front 1

Catabolism

Back 1

Breaks food moecules down, releasing their stored endery; oxygen used in catabolism

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Anabolism

Back 2

builds food molecules into complex substances

Front 3

Glycolysis (cycle one)

Back 3

Changes glucose to pyruvic acid
Anaerobic (uses no oxygen)
Yields small amount of engery inot ATP)

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Citric acid (KREBS) cycle (cylcle two)

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Changes pyruvic acid to CO2, aerobic, yields lg. amount of engery, mosstly as high energy electrons. Occurs in the mitochondria

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Electron Transfer System (cycle three)

Back 5

transfers energyy from high energy electrons (from citric ascid cycle) to ATP molecules, located in Mitochondria

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Glycogenesis

Back 6

Glucose anabolism. Carried on chiefly by the liver and muscle cells. Consists of a series of reactions thatt join glucose molecules together to form glycogen

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Insulin:
Important hormone, resp. for the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

Back 7

Makes glucose leave the blood and enter the cells at a more rapid rate. Too little insulin=diabetes mellitues.

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Antioxidant:Substance such as vitamin E that can inhibit free radicals (oxidants), which are highly reactive, electron-seeking molecules occuring normally in cells- cont on back

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which may damage electron-ense molecules such as DNA or molecules in cell membranes

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Scurvy-causes bleeding and ulceration of the skin, gums and other tissues

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BC of Avitaminosis C, which impairs the normal maintenance of collage-containing connective tissues,

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Avitaminosis

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General name for any condition resulting form a vitamin deficiency

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Hypervitaminosis

Back 11

excess of a vitamin, such as hpervitaminosis A, just as serious as a deficiency

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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Back 12

Rate of metabolism when a person is lying down but awake and not digesting food and when the environment is comfortably warm

Front 13

Metabolic Rate (TMR)

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The total amounts of energy, expressed in calories, used by the body per day

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Inborn Errors of the Metabolism

Back 14

genetic conditions involving deficient or abnormal metabolic enyzymes

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Major Minerals
Calcium: Dairy products, legumes, and veggies

Back 15

Functions: helps blood clotting, bone formation, and nerve and muscle function.
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Bone degeneration and nerve\muscle malfunction

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MINERAL:
CHLORINE (CI)salty foods

Back 16

FUNCTIONS:Aids in stomach acid productiona nd acid-base balance
Symptoms of D:Acid-base imbalance

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MINERAL:
COBALT (Co)-Meat

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FUNCTIONS:Helps vit.B12 n blood cell production
Symptoms of D:Pernacious Anemia

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MINERAL:
COPPER (Cu)Seafood, organ meats, and legumes

Back 18

FUNCTIONS:Involved in extracting energy from the citric acid cycle and in blood production
Symptoms of D:Fatigue adn anemia

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MINERAL:
IODINE (I)Seafood, idozied salt

Back 19

FUNCTIONS:acides in thyroid hormone synthesis
Symptoms of D: Goiter, and decrease of metabolic rate

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MINERAL:
IRON (Fe)meats, egss, veggies, legumes

Back 20

FUNCTIONS:involved in extracting energy from the citric acid cycle and in blood production
Symptoms of D: Nerver disorders, blood vessel dilation, and heart rhythm problems

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MINERAL:
CHLORINE (CI)salty foods

Back 21

FUNCTIONS:Aids in stomach acid productiona nd acid-base balance
Symptoms of D:Acid-base imbalance

Front 22

MINERAL:
COBALT (Co)-Meat

Back 22

FUNCTIONS:Helps vit.B12 n blood cell production
Symptoms of D:Pernacious Anemia

Front 23

MINERAL:
COPPER (Cu)Seafood, organ meats, and legumes

Back 23

FUNCTIONS:Involved in extracting energy from the citric acid cycle and in blood production
Symptoms of D:Fatigue adn anemia

Front 24

MINERAL:
IODINE (I)Seafood, idozied salt

Back 24

FUNCTIONS:acides in thyroid hormone synthesis
Symptoms of D: Goiter, and decrease of metabolic rate

Front 25

MINERAL:
IRON (Fe)meats, egss, veggies, legumes

Back 25

FUNCTIONS:involved in extracting energy from the citric acid cycle and in blood production
Symptoms of D:Fatigue and anemia

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MINERAL
MAGNESIUM (Mg)veggies and grains

Back 26

FUNCTIONS:helps many enzymes
Symptoms of D:nerve disorders, blood vessel dilation, and heart rhythm problems

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MINERAL
MANGANESE (Mn)
Veggie, legues, and grains

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FUNCTIONS:helps many enzymes
Symptoms of D:muscle and nerve disorders

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MINERAL
PHOSPHORUS (P)Dairy prodcuts and meat

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FUNCTIONS:Aids in bone formation and is used to make APT, DNA, RNA and phospholipids
Symptoms of D: done degeneration and metabolic problems

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MINERAL
POTASSIUM (K)Seafood, milk, fruit, and meat

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FUNCTIONS: Helps muscle and nerve funtion
Symptoms of D:nuscle weakness, heart problems, and nerve problems

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MINERAL
SODIUM (Na)Salty foods

Back 30

FUNCTIONS:Helps many enzymes
Symptoms of D:metabolic problems

Front 31

MINERAL
ZINE (Zn) many foods

Back 31

FUNCTIONS:
helps many enzymes
Symptoms of D: metabolic problems

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Anorexia Nervosa

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Chronic refusal to eat

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Bulimia

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invoves an alternating pattern of denial; in bulimarexia, the self-denial triggers self-induced vomitting

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Obesity

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abnormally high proportion of fat in the body; may be a symptom of an eating disorder

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Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM)

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Results from a deficiency of calories in general and proteins in particular

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MARASMUS-results from starvation look at Pic 18-16 pg 578

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type of advanced PCM caused by an overall lasck of calories and protein, tissue wasting and fluid and electrolyte imbalances

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KWASHIORKOR (bohemian belly-remember pics of kids in africa)(pg578 look at picture)

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type of PCM, lack of protein in the preence of sufficient calories; similar to maramus but distinguished by ascites and flaking dermatitis

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Thermoregulation

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Maintaining homeostasis of the body temperature, is the function of the hypothalamus (negitive feed back) normal range (36.2 to 37.6 C)

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Maligant Hypertermia (MH)

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inherited condition that casues increased blody temp. (HYPERthermia) and muscle rigidity when exposed to certain anesthetics

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Heat Exhaustion

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loss of fluid as the body tries to cool itself; may be accompained by heat cramps

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HEATSTROKE (sunstroke)

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overheating of body resulting frmo failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms in a warm environment

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HYPEthermia

Back 42

reduced blody temp. resulting from failure of thermoregulatory mech. in a cold environment.

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Frostbite:

Back 43

local tissue damage caused by extreme cold; may result in necrosis or gangrene