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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are minerals? |
Inorganic elements that are essentialfor the body’s metabolic processes |
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Minerals are divided into what 2 main groups? |
- Macrominerals - Microminerals |
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What are macrominerals? |
Are those minerals that occur inappreciable amounts in the body and account for most of the body’s mineralcontent |
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What are microminerals? |
- Often referred to as trace minerals - Include a large number of minerals thatare present in the body in very small amounts |
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What are minerals functions in the body? |
- Activate enzymatically catalyzedreactions - Provide skeletal support - Aid in nerve transmission and musclecontractions - Serve as components of certain transportproteins and hormones - Function in maintaining water andelectrolyte balance |
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What is calcium's function in the body? |
- Providesstructural integrity to the skeleton - Contributesto maintenance of proper blood calcium levels through ongoing resorption and deposition |
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What results in calcium deficiencies? |
- Rickets - Osteomalacia - Nutritionalsecondary hyperparathyroidism - MilkFever in dairy cattle |
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What results in calcium toxicities? |
- Excessdietary calcium forms insoluble complexes with phosphorous, resulting indecreased phosphorous absorption - Impairedskeletal development |
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What are sources of calcium? |
- Dairy products - Poultry and meat meals - Bone |
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What are the functions of phosphorus? |
- Lendsstructural support to the skeleton - Isreleased in the blood stream in response to homeostatic mechanisms - It is a constituent of cellular DNA and RNA |
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What percentage of phosphorus is found in inorganic combination with calcium in bones and teeth? |
85% |
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Since a high percentage of phosphorus is found in teeth and bones, where is the remaining portion found..? |
Soft tissues |
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What results in phosphorus deficiencies? |
- Rickets - Osteomalacia - Nutritionalsecondary hyperparathyroidism - Cancause pica in livestock where soil mineral levels are low |
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What is pica? |
Eating inanimate objects |
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What results in phosphorus toxicities? |
Causescalcium deficiencies by inhibiting calcium absorption |
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What are the sources of phosphorus? |
- meat
- poultry - fish |
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What are the functions of magmesium? |
- Providesstructure to the skeleton - Isessential for the cellular metabolism of both carbohydrates and protein - Isrequired for protein synthesis - Involvedin muscle contractions - Assists in proper transmission of nerve impulses |
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Where is magnesium found in the body? |
* 60%-70% exists in the form of phosphates and carbonates in bone * the remaining magnesium is found within cells an in the extracellular fluid |
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What results in magnesium deficiencies? |
- Ruminants: grass tetany - Horses: Not a problem - Cats/Dogs: * soft tissue calcification * enlargement of long bone metaphysis * neuromuscular irritability |
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What results in magnesium toxicities? |
- Ruminants: none known - Dogs: none known - Cats: risk factor for struvite urolithiasis |
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What are sources of magnesium? |
- soybeans
- corn - cereal - grains - bone meals |
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What are the functions of sulfur? |
- Requiredby the body for the synthesis of a number of sulfur-containing compounds -Is aconstituent of the 2 B vitamins |
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What are the 2 B vitamins? |
- biotin - thiamin |
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What are the results of sulfur deficiencies? |
- None reported |
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What are the sources of sulfur? |
- meat - poultry - fish |
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Where is iron found in the body? |
- Is present in all body cells - The largest proportion of the body’s ironis found as a component of the protein molecules * Hemoglobin(>65%) * Myoglobin(4%) |
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How is dietary iron supplied? |
- Inorganicions (ferric or ferrous iron) - Organicallybound iron (heme molecule) |
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Where are the main storage sites for iron? |
- liver - spleen - bone marrow |
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What is the functions of iron? |
- functions in ion transport during cellular respiration - functions in hemoglobin that allows in oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues |
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What results in iron deficiencies? |
- hypochromic microcytic anemia * clinical signs: fatigue and depression |
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What results in iron toxicities? |
- Unknown |
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What are the sources for iron? |
organ meats |
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What is sodium? |
- Is the major cation found in theextracellular fluid - Providesthe primary osmotic force that maintains the aqueous environment of theextracellular fluid |
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What are the functions of sodium? |
Functionsin conjunction with other ions to maintain the normal irritability of nervecells and the contractibility of muscle cells |
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What results in sodium deficiencies? |
- not a problem in most animals - ruminants: causes pica - horses: unsteady gate, uncoordinated chewing and pica |
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What results in sodium toxicities? |
unknown |
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What are sources of sodium? |
- dairy products - meat -poultry - fish - egg whites |
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What is potassium? |
main cation in the intracellular fluid |
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What are the functions of potassium? |
- Thesmall concentration of potassium present in the extracellular fluid aids in thetransmission of nerve impulses and the contraction of muscle fibers - Themaintenance of potassium balance is especially important for the normalfunctioning of the heart muscles |
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What are the results of potassium deficiencies? |
- highly unusual in small animals - cats can get hypokalemic polymoyopathy - dairy cattle excrete a lot of potassium in sweat |
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What results in potassium toxicities? |
ruminants- grass tetany and milk fever |
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What are the sources of potassium? |
- meats - poultry - fish - whole-grain cereals - most vegetables |
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What are the functions of chloride? |
- Arenecessary for the regulation of normal osmotic pressure, water balance, andacid-base balance in the body - Theformation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach |
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What are the results of deficiencies and toxicities of chloride? |
none known |
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What are the sources of chloride? |
- dairy products - meat - poultry - fish - egg whites |
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Where is the highest concentration of copper found in the body? |
liver |
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Where is excess copper secreted? |
in the bile |
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What are the functions of copper? |
- Normalabsorption and transport of dietary iron - Isessential for the normal formation of hemoglobin -Necessaryfor normal osteoblast activity during skeletal development |
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What results in copper deficiencies? |
- Hypochromicmicrocytic anemia - Depigmentationof colored hair coat - Impairedskeletal growth in young animals |
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What results in toxicities of copper? |
- Isnot common in domestic animals, but ruminants are the most sensitive to coppertoxicity - Inheriteddisorder of copper storage disease in the liver occurs in dogs |
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What are the sources of copper? |
- organ meats - germ portions of grains (sexual parts) |
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What are the functions of zinc? |
- actionsinfluence carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism - isessential for normal cellular immunity and reproductive functioning - alsofunctions as a cofactor in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein |
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What results in zinc deficiencies? |
- Growthretardation in young animals - Anorexia - Testicularatrophy - Impairedreproductive performance - Immunesystem dysfunction - Conjunctivitis - Developmentof skin lesions |
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Zinc deficiencies in cats and dogs... |
- changes in hair coat - dull,coarse hair coat and skin lesions that show parakeratosis andhyperkeratinization |
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What results in zinc toxicities? |
causes copper and calcium deficiencies |
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What are the sources of zinc? |
- beef liver - dark poultry meat - milk - egg yolks - legumes |
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Where is manganese found in the body? |
a large portion is located in the mitochondria of cells |
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What are the functions of manganese? |
- Inthe mitochondria it activates a number of metal-enzymes complexes that regulatenutrient metabolism - Alsonecessary for normal bone development and reproduction |
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What occurs with manganese deficiencies?
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- ruminants: * decreased growth in young * impaired reproduction * disturbances in lipid metabolism - cats/dogs: have not been reported |
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What occurs with manganese toxicities? |
none known |
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What are the sources of manganese? |
- legumes - whole-grain cereals |
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What are the functions of iodine? |
- Requiredby the thyroid gland for the synthesis of the hormones Thyroxine& Triiodothyronine (t3) |
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What occurs with iodine deficiencies? |
- goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland and occurs most in cattle - cretinism: failure to grow, skin lesions, central nervous system dysfunction, and skeletal deformities |
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Iodine toxicities? |
none known |
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What are sources of iodine? |
- fish - beef - livers |
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What are the functions of selenium? |
- Is animportant part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase |
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What occurs with selenium deficiencies? |
- skeletal and cardiac myopathies - dietary deficiency unlikely |
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What occurs with selenium toxicities? |
- necrotizingmyocarditis - toxic hepatitisand nephritis |
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What are the sources of selenium? |
- cereal grains - meat - fish |
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What are the functions of cobalt? |
- aconstituent of Vitamin B12 - currentlyno function of cobalt in the body has been identified |
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What occurs with cobalt deficiencies? |
- vitamin B 12 deficiency - anemia |
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Cobalt toxicities |
none reported |
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What are the sources for cobalt? |
- fish - dairy products |
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What are the functions of chromium? |
Thisfactor functions to enhance the action of the hormone insulin |
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Chromium deficiencies and toxicities |
still undergoing investigation in companion animals |
