Nutrition

Front 1

difference between major minerals and trace minerals

Back 1

body requires at least 100 mg or more each day for major minerals and less than that for trace minerals

Front 2

bone turnover

Back 2

process bones go through of breaking down and rebuilding

Front 3

osteoclasts

Back 3

large cells that breakdown bone by producing acids and enzymes

Front 4

what are bones composed of

Back 4

a soft framework and minerals which make the bone hard

Front 5

what is the soft framework of bones made out of

Back 5

collagen and mucopolysaccharide (clear, cement substance)

Front 6

mineral component of bones

Back 6

mostly made of calcium and phosphorous (which makes the bone hard and gives it it's white color)

Front 7

rickets

Back 7

caused by calcium deficiency. also can be caused by low levels of vitamin D which causes calcium levels to drop. Only occurs in children

Front 8

osteomalacia

Back 8

calcium deficiency in adults similar to rickets that can also be caused by vitamin D deficiency

Front 9

osteoporosis

Back 9

low calcium intake for a long time which leads to porous bones

Front 10

how are bones different in osteoporosis and osteomalacia

Back 10

in osteomalacia, the bone is soft because there is little calcium in the bone, which is one of the main hardening elements in the bone.

in osteoporosis, the bone is brittle. the mineral content of the bone is the same, but there is less bone so it is weak

Front 11

what other roles does calcium play in the body

Back 11

blood clotting,

transmission of neurotransmitters,

muscle contraction,

blood pressure modulation

Front 12

what two hormones maintain calcium levels and how do they do so

Back 12

calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland and when calcium levels are rising (after a meal). stimulates calcium uptake in bones.

parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels fall and stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone and release calcium into blood

Front 13

what is one thing to consider when taking too much calcium (calcium supplements)

Back 13

it can inhibit the absorption of other minerals such as phosphorous, iron, zinc, and magnesium

Front 14

food sources of calcium

Back 14

milk, dairy products, sardines, salmon, oysters, barley, cornmeal, almonds, broccoli, fortified foods

Front 15

what other things can interfere with the absorption of calcium

Back 15

oxalic acid (in spinach, beet greens, rhubarb), phytic acid, vitamin D deficiency

Front 16

what increases calcium excretion

Back 16

high protein and sodium levels

Front 17

function of phosphorous

Back 17

mostly found in bone, but also important for energy production and energy storage and for phospholipid bilayer

Front 18

food sources of phosphorous

Back 18

meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk, dairy, nuts, seeds, cereal grains, baked goods

Front 19

minerals that function as electrolytes

Back 19

sodium and potassium

Front 20

where is potassium usually found? where is sodium usually found? (inside or outside cell)

Back 20

potassium- intracellular

sodium- extracellular

Front 21

functions of sodium and potassium

Back 21

fluid balance, acid base balance, nerve impulse activity, muscle contraction

Front 22

sodium deficiency can be caused by

Back 22

excessive sweating, vomiting, excessive diarrhea

Front 23

sodium deficiency leads to

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nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps

Front 24

what hormone is used to regulate sodium

Back 24

aldosterone released from adrenal glands. regulates reabsorption of sodium and water from the kidney tubule

Front 25

salt sensitive

Back 25

a reduction or increase in salt intake can cause a large change in blood pressure

about 30% of adults with normal blood pressure and 50% of adults with high blood pressure are salt sensitive

Front 26

what is potassium important for that sodium isn't

Back 26

heart activity.

Front 27

sodium vs. potassium absorption

Back 27

sodium and potassium compete for absorption and high levels of one, inhibits absorption of the other. most people in america have high levels of sodium, and low levels of potassium

Front 28

potassium deficiency is related to

Back 28

increased blood pressure and abnormal heart activity

Front 29

food sources of potassium

Back 29

leafy and other vegetables, whole grains, potatoes, bananas, avocado, cantaloupe, oranges, beans

Front 30

where is magnesium found

Back 30

in bone, and intracellular. about 1% is extracellular

Front 31

role of magnesium in the body

Back 31

cofactor for many enzymes and important for ATP formation, involved with muscle, important for normal functioning of heart

Front 32

magnesium deficiency

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may lead to heart attacks, muscle weakness, cramping, tetany (muscle twitching), irregular heartbeat

Front 33

what factors might lead to magnesium deficiency

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diuretics, alcohol, long standing diarrhea or vomiting

Front 34

magnesium in processed foods

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refining wheat gets rid of most magnesium so diets high in processed foods have low magnesium levels

Front 35

excess magnesium can lead to

Back 35

severe diarrhea, muscle relaxation (heart failure), calcium antagonist

Front 36

food sources of magnesium

Back 36

whole grains, wheat bran, nuts and legumes, green leafy vegetables, seafood

Front 37

where is chloride found in the body

Back 37

in extracellular fluid (with sodium)

Front 38

function of chloride in body

Back 38

water balance, acid-base balance, extracellular fluid in NS, HCL in stomach acid

Front 39

food sources with chloride

Back 39

meats, milk, eggs, processed food

Front 40

where does sulfur come from in the diet

Back 40

protein

Front 41

how long can adults and children live without water

Back 41

adults=10

children=5

Front 42

functions of water

Back 42

carries nutrients throughout body, solvent for substances in the body, maintains blood volume, temperature regulation, removal of waste products, lubrication of joints, shock absorber

Front 43

where does most water content come from in food

Back 43

mostly fruits, vegetables, meats. About 20-30% of water intake comes from food

Front 44

what part of brain monitors water metabolism

Back 44

hypothalamus

Front 45

how does the hypothalamus monitor water levels

Back 45

it releases antidiuretic hormone from the posteroir pituitary which causes kidneys to conserve water and decrease urination. also increases thirst

Front 46

difference between hard water and soft water

Back 46

hard water is high in calcium and magnesium, soft water is high in sodium

Front 47

functions of iron

Back 47

important for the reactions involved in making ATP, part of hemoglobin, part of myglobin (O2 storage)

Front 48

what is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide

Back 48

iron deficiency

Front 49

iron deficiency symptoms

Back 49

fatigue (because energy metabolism needs iron to work efficiently, and because less oxygen is being transported to cells which need oxygen for efficient energy metabolism) and disruption in immune system,

Front 50

anemia symptoms (longterm iron deficiency)

Back 50

fatigue, paleness, poor temperature regulation, impaired ability to do work (mental and physical), impaired immune system

Front 51

microcytic

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small RBC's- seen in anemia

Front 52

hypochromic

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pale red color seen in RBCs of anemic patients due to loss of hemoglobin

Front 53

different types of iron consumed from meat and vegetables

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heme iron is found in meat and it is absorbed better. non heme iron is found in vegetables and it's absorption can be increased through vitamin C

Front 54

what things can interfere with absorption of iron

Back 54

high intakes of calcium, phytic acid and oxalic acid, high intake of tannins in tea and coffee

Front 55

siderosis

Back 55

excess iron accumulation in tissues, can lead to damaged liver and pancreas because iron accumulates in it

Front 56

hemochromatosis

Back 56

hereditary condition that leads to increased absorption of iron in food. since iron isn't being excreted, this disorder is treated through regular blood drawings

Front 57

zinc functions

Back 57

it is frequently used as a cofactor for enzymes used in synthesis of skin protein and DNA synthesis.

However, it is also used in the immune system and as an antioxidant. In the pituitary, it is needed to release gonadotrophin and growth hormone

Front 58

zinc and unleavened bread

Back 58

when there isn't yeast in bread, the phytic acid binds to zinc and makes it unable to be absorbed. when zinc is present, it separates the phytic acid leaving the zinc available again.

This lead to iron deficiency in Egypt and Iran which lead to poor growth and delayed sexual development

Front 59

besides delayed sexual development and growth, what are some other effects of zinc deficiency

Back 59

zinc is important for the maintenance of taste buds, so a lack of taste.

zinc is also involved in the synthesis of new skin, so poor wound healing

zinc plays a role in immunity so decreased immunity

Front 60

where is most of the iodine found in the body

Back 60

thyroid gland. this is because it is part of the thyroid hormone which regulates basal metabolism

Front 61

goiter

Back 61

caused by iodine deficiency. this is a painless lump in the neck that people get that sometimes grow so large that it puts pressure on the trachea.

it is frequently associated with hypothyroidism (characterized by decreased BMR, lethargy, gaining weight, and feeling cold)

Front 62

cretinism

Back 62

occurs in infants if mother has iodine deficiency. symptoms include mental deficiency and shortened stature.

Front 63

how can someone increase their iodine intake

Back 63

eating plants from a variety of regions (different areas have different mineral content in soil that ends up in plants), eating iodized salt,

Front 64

goitrogens

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substances that interfere with iodine in the body

Front 65

toxic goiter

Back 65

when iron levels are too high

Front 66

selenium functions

Back 66

antioxidant (through interaction with vitamin E and the enzyme glutathione peroxidase)

Front 67

glutathione peroxidase

Back 67

enzyme with four molecules of selenium and works as part of the antioxidant defense network

Front 68

selenium deficiency

Back 68

heart muscle disease and white muscle disease

Front 69

selenium toxicity

Back 69

gingivitis, cirrhosis of the liver, garlicky odor

Front 70

copper functions

Back 70

needed for energy release and for utilization of iron in the body (helps to put iron onto hemoglobin, release iron from liver storage, absorption of iron in the intestines)

Front 71

copper deficiency

Back 71

could lead to defective iron mobilization leading to microcytic hypochromic anemia

Front 72

copper toxicity

Back 72

liver damage

Front 73

where is manganese generally present in the body

Back 73

bones

Front 74

functions of manganese

Back 74

formation of bones, also fat and carbohydrate metabolism

Front 75

manganese deficiency results in

Back 75

abnormal skeletal development

Front 76

manganese toxicity

Back 76

rare, but could be absorbed into the brain through the nasal olfactory route and lead to parkinson like symptoms

Front 77

flouride function

Back 77

strengthens teeth and prevents tooth decay

Front 78

fluoroapatite

Back 78

when fluoride becomes part of the tooth structure

Front 79

colorado brown stain

Back 79

due to high levels of fluoride in water in colorado

Front 80

fluorosis

Back 80

mild white spotting in teeth- can progress to brown spots and mottling

Front 81

fluoride toxicity

Back 81

problems with bone and possibly death (if extremely high dose)

Front 82

chromium functions

Back 82

activates insulin and facilitates the binding of insulin to cell receptors

Front 83

chromium deficiency

Back 83

insulin becomes less effective and impaired glucose tolerance (how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood after a meal), blood glucose remains high and insulin levels remain high