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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do vegetarians eat? |
People who eat plant based diets |
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What do lactovegeterians eat? |
Consumes milk and milk products |
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What do ovovegeterians eat? |
Consumes eggs |
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What do lactovovegeterians eat? |
Consumes eggs, milk, and milk products |
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What do vegans eat? |
Consumes only plant foods and usually don't have honey |
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What are positives of being a vegetarian? |
Weigh less, have less chance of heart disease, ex cerise more, don't consume alcohol or smoke |
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Cons of being a vegetarian? |
May lack calories, Hugh quality protein, omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins, B-12, and D, zinc, iron, and calcium |
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What is Kwashiorkor? |
Having adequate energy intake but intake of high quality protein is LOW |
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What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor? |
Edema: in the abdomen, Lower legs, and feet. Fluid where it shouldn't be. It is much more swollen. Putting edema: lack of protein but enough calories |
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What is marasmus? |
Starvation and extreme weight loss. |
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What are symptoms of marasmus? |
Weakness and wasting. Ribs, hips, and spine are viable through the skin. |
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What is a complex organic compound? |
Not made my the body or made in amount that are not enough to maintain good health |
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How do vitamins differ from carbs, fat, and protein? |
Micronutrients, no calories, foods contain small amounts |
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What are fat soluble vitamins? And where are they stored? |
They are associated with lipids in food and the body. DO NOT dissolve in water or urine. Stores in body and may be toxic in large doses |
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Which vitamins are fat soluble? |
ADEK--- Vitamin A, D, E, K |
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What are water soluble vitamins? Where are they stored? And can they be toxic? |
They dissolve in watery components of foods and the body. They are excreted in urine. Most are not stored to a major extent. Generally not toxic. |
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Which vitamins are water soluble? |
B vitamins, and C |
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What is a function of a vitamin? |
Participate in chemical reactions, regulate body processes such as cell division and development, growth and maintenance of tissues |
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Oxidation |
Loss of electrons |
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Reduction |
Gain of electrons |
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What is an antioxidant? |
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
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What is an antioxidant? |
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
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What are free radicals? |
They are usually highly reactive because they have an impaired electron |
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What is an antioxidant? |
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
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What are free radicals? |
They are usually highly reactive because they have an impaired electron |
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How do antioxidants work? |
By giving up a free electron to a free radical it protects other molecules |
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What is an antioxidant? |
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
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What are free radicals? |
They are usually highly reactive because they have an impaired electron |
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How do antioxidants work? |
By giving up a free electron to a free radical it protects other molecules |
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Which vitamins are antioxidants? |
Beta-Carotene, vitamins E and C |
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What is an antioxidant? |
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
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What are free radicals? |
They are usually highly reactive because they have an impaired electron |
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How do antioxidants work? |
By giving up a free electron to a free radical it protects other molecules |
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Which vitamins are antioxidants? |
Beta-Carotene, vitamins E and C |
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What is enrichment? |
Replaces some of the nutrients that were lost during processing |
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What is an antioxidant? |
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
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What are free radicals? |
They are usually highly reactive because they have an impaired electron |
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How do antioxidants work? |
By giving up a free electron to a free radical it protects other molecules |
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Which vitamins are antioxidants? |
Beta-Carotene, vitamins E and C |
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What is enrichment? |
Replaces some of the nutrients that were lost during processing |
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What is fortification? |
It's the addition of nutrients to food |
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What is an antioxidant? |
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
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What are free radicals? |
They are usually highly reactive because they have an impaired electron |
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How do antioxidants work? |
By giving up a free electron to a free radical it protects other molecules |
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Which vitamins are antioxidants? |
Beta-Carotene, vitamins E and C |
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What is enrichment? |
Replaces some of the nutrients that were lost during processing |
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What is fortification? |
It's the addition of nutrients to food |
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Which vitamins and minerals are added when grains are enriched? |
TNRFI (Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folic acid, and iron) |
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Where is vitamins absorbed in the body? |
The small intestine |
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Which vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria? |
Vitamin K |
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What are fat soluble vitamins absorbed with? |
Dietary fat. So example when having a salad you need some dressing or nuts something containing fat |
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What are fat soluble vitamins absorbed with? |
Dietary fat. So example when having a salad you need some dressing or nuts something containing fat |
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What does cystic fibrosis have trouble digesting? And a certain vitamin? |
Fat digestion and fat soluble vitamin absorption |
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Which people are at risk of Vitamin deficiency? |
Alcoholics, hospitalized people, anorexics, gastrointestinal disorder and rate metabolic conditions |
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Which vitamins are most susceptible to loss? |
Thiamin, vitamin C, and folate |
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Which vitamins are stable when keeping nutrients? |
Niacin, and vitamin D |
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What is Vitamin As basic functions? |
Normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function |
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What are the two names for vitamin a? |
Beta carotene (pro-vitamin A) and retinol (performed A) |
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Which foods contain Vitamin A? |
Sweet potatoes, pumpkin, orange, fortified cereals, milk, yellow orange and dark green fruits and vegetables |
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What is one of the major deficiency of not having enough vitamin a? |
Night blindness, which is inability to see in dim light |
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What is one of the major deficiency of not having enough vitamin a? |
Night blindness, which is inability to see in dim light |
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Another vitamin A deficiency? |
Cells produce too much keratin which is tough protein in hair. |
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What is xerophthamalia? |
Condition affect eyes that comes from vitamin a deficiency also called dry eye |
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Vitamin a toxicity can lead to what in the liver? |
Liver damage |
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Vitamin a toxicity can lead to what in the liver? |
Liver damage |
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What is carotenemia? |
This is the toxicity of beta carotene, which results in yellowing of skin |
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Vitamin a toxicity can lead to what in the liver? |
Liver damage |
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What is carotenemia? |
This is the toxicity of beta carotene, which results in yellowing of skin |
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Carotenemia can occur in which age group? |
In infants |
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What are vitamin D main functions? |
Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and production and maintenance of healthy bones |
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What is rickets and what vitamin deficiency does this come from? |
It happens in children and it's from Vitamin D deficiency. Soft bones that do not grow properly and become deformed |
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What is austomalatia? |
It is the adult form of rickets |
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Which foods have vitamin D in them? |
Cod, salmon, catfish, and much more fish, milk because its fortified. And eggs |
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People who live south of the 37th parallel and are outdoors experiment what? |
The pro hormone d |
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What are symptoms of vitamin A toxicity? |
Nausea, vomiting, headaches, bone pain and fractures, hair loss, liver damage, interference with K absorption |
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What is symptoms of toxicity of vitamin D? |
Poor growth, calcium deposits in soft tissues |
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What are the functions of vitamin E? |
Antioxidant, improves vitamin A absorption, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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Which food sources contain vitamin E? |
Vegetables oils, nuts and seeds. Fat component of the food . Also fruits. And vegetables |
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What is hemolysis? |
Vitamin E deficiency, breaking apart of rbc. |
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What is hemolysis? |
Vitamin E deficiency, breaking apart of rbc. |
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Major symptoms in Vitamin E deficiency? |
Loss of muscular coordination |
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What happens with vitamin E toxicity? |
Can result in interfering with blood clotting that can result in excess blood loss. |
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What is the function of vitamin K? |
Helps with blood clotting |
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What is the function of vitamin K? |
Helps with blood clotting |
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What food consist in Vitamin K? |
Green leafy vegetables, canola and soybean oils |
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Vitamin K deficiency can result to what? |
Increase time for blood to clot. |
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Vitamin K deficiency can result to what? |
Increase time for blood to clot. |
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What injection do babies receive because of a lack of this Vatamin that can result to excessive blood loss? |
Vitamin K shot! |
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Vitamin K deficiency can occur in what two problems in people? |
People with impaired liver function, and absorption on long term antibiotic therapy |
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Are there any toxicities in vitamin K? |
No |
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What is the main function of water soluble vitamins? |
Components of specific coenzymes |
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What are coenzymes? |
They are small molecules that regulate chemical reactions by interacting with enzymes |
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What is the action of a coenzyme? |
Enables actions to occur |
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What is the major function of thiamin (B1)? |
Coenzyme needed for carbohydrate metabolism and certain amino acids metabolism |
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Which food contain thiamin? |
Pork, wheat germ, enriched breads and cereals, Brewers yeast |
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What is beriberi? |
It is a vitamin thiamin (B1 deficiency) very weak, have poor muscle coordination, have cardiovascular problems and have edema |
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What is wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome? |
Usually in alcoholics, degenerative brain disorder |
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What is riboflavin (B2) main function? |
Coenzyme for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids |
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What are some deficiencies of riboflavin (B2)? |
People who do not drink enough milk or enriched grains, can have inflammation of mouth and tongue, eye disorders |
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What foods have riboflavin? |
Milk, yogurt, other milk products, wheat germ, enriched breads and cereals |
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What makes the coenzyme work in riboflavin? |
Wheat germ? |
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Niacin (B3), what are the main functions? Is it completely necessary? |
Yes and part of coenzyme that is needed for energy metabolism (calories) |
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What is pellagra? |
Niacin deficiency, 4DS (Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) |
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People that get pallegra have high diet in what food? |
Corn,..... Meats have a lot and cereal |
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What food absorbs the niacin which is okay to eat? |
Lime |
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What is main function of vitamin B-6? |
Part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism |
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What are deficiency symptoms in B-6? |
Dermatitis, anemia, hair loss, convulsions, developmental delays in infants |
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What are deficiency symptoms in B-6? |
Dermatitis, anemia, hair loss, convulsions, developmental delays in infants |
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What are toxicities of b-6? |
Nerve destruction |
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Which foods have B-6? |
Meat products, salmon, tuna, some fruits veggies and pinto beans |
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What is the main function of folate? |
Party of coenzyme need for DNA synthesis, conversion of go homocysteine to methionine |
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What foods have folate in them? |
Leafy green vegetables, legumes, asparagus |
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What are some folate deficiencies? |
red blood cells rapidly dividing, get extremely big but cannot divide, called megoblasts, which is called megoblastnemia |
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What is anenchelaly? |
Brain does no form properly |
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What is spina bifida? |
Spine doesn't form properly before birth and fails to enclose the spine |
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What is the main function of Vitamin B-12? |
Party of coenzyme needed for folate metabolism and maintenance of myelin sheathe on nerve cells |
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Is there vitamin b-12 toxicities? |
No |
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Vitamin C, what is its main function? |
Not part of coenzyme, but is collagen synthesis, antioxidant, synthesis of bile, immune system functioning |
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What do smokers have higher needs of? |
Vitamin C? |
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Which foods have vitamin C in it? |
Peppers, citrus fruit, papaya, broccoli , cabbage, berries |
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Which foods have vitaminB-12? |
Animal foods, fortified cereals, fortified soy milk |
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Vitamin C toxicity does what? |
Causes diarrhea and GI tract discomfort |
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What is anenchelaly? |
Brain does no form properly |
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What is spina bifida? |
Spine doesn't form properly before birth and fails to enclose the spine |
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What is the main function of Vitamin B-12? |
Party of coenzyme needed for folate metabolism and maintenance of myelin sheathe on nerve cells |
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Is there vitamin b-12 toxicities? |
No |
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Vitamin C, what is its main function? |
Not part of coenzyme, but is collagen synthesis, antioxidant, synthesis of bile, immune system functioning |
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What do smokers have higher needs of? |
Vitamin C? |
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Which foods have vitamin C in it? |
Peppers, citrus fruit, papaya, broccoli , cabbage, berries |
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Which foods have vitaminB-12? |
Animal foods, fortified cereals, fortified soy milk |
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Vitamin C toxicity does what? |
Causes diarrhea and GI tract discomfort |
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What are some vitamin C deficiencies? |
Scurvy: poor wound healing, pinpoint hemorrhages, bleeding gums, bruises, depression |
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What vitamin is given in high doses to lower cholesterol? |
Niacin |
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What are the functions of water in the body? |
It's a solvent, removes wastes, helps transport substances, lubricates tissues, regulates body temperatures, helps digest food, participates in many chemical reactions, helps maintain proper blood pH, MAJOR COMPONENT of blood, salvia, sweat, tears, mucus, and joint fluid |
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What is osmosis? |
It is the movement of water through a selectively permeable memebrane |
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What is perspiration? |
Body water that is secreted by sweat glands in skin, reaches to surface of skin and then dries. Sweat |
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What is insensible perspiration? |
Body water that diffuses through the layers of skin or is exhaled from the lungs instead of being secreted by sweat glands. |
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What environmental factors affect body water loses? |
Temperature, humidity, and altitude |
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What are so psychological factors that alter body fluid balance? |
Fever, vomiting, diarrhea |
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What are so psychological factors that alter body fluid balance? |
Fever, vomiting, diarrhea |
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Which life style practices alter body fluid balances? |
Excerise habits and sodium and alcohol intakes |
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What is the word that defines body water depletion? |
Dehydration |
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what effect does aldosterone and ADH (anti-Diuretic) have in fluid balance? |
It sends signals to the kidneys to retain sodium, which water follows sodium, which conserves water |
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What happens if you have water intoxication? |
Water goes into cells, such as brain cells, and can cause confusion and headaches |
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What are the major minerals? |
Calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur |
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What are the trace minerals? |
Iodide, iron, selenium, and zinc |
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What is definition of major mineral? |
Essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 my or more per day |
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What is definition of major mineral? |
Essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 my or more per day |
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Definition of trace minerals? |
Essential minerals required in amounts less than 100 my per day |
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To get calculate total amount of water intake needed? |
Figure how many ounces? Half your body weight |
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To get calculate total amount of water intake needed? |
Figure how many ounces? Half your body weight |
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Tips to reduce hypertension? |
Reduce sodium, increase potassium |
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Which foods have calcium? |
Milk and milk products, canned fish, tofu, leafy vegetables, calcium fortified foods such as orange juice |
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What are some major deficiencies with calcium?? |
Osteoporosis |
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What are some major deficiencies with calcium?? |
Osteoporosis, and higher risk of hypertension |
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What is osteoporosis |
Chronicle disease that has low bone mass and reduced bone structure. Curved spine |
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What are risk factors of osteoporosis? |
Being a woman, growing older, white or Asian, family history of it, having small body frame |
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What is normal blood pressure levels? |
120/80 |
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What is normal blood pressure levels? |
120/80 |
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What is the top number of blood pressure? |
Systolic: maximum blood pressure within an artery |
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What is normal blood pressure levels? |
120/80 |
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What is the top number of blood pressure? |
Systolic: maximum blood pressure within an artery |
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The bottom number of blood pressure is called what? |
Diastolic: pressure in an artery when the ventricles relax between contractions |
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What the numbers of pre hypertension? |
120-139/80-89 |
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What the numbers of pre hypertension? |
120-139/80-89 |
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What are the blood pressure numbers of having hypertension? |
> or = 140/ > or equal 90 |
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Which foods contain a lot of sodium? |
Tablet salt, pickles, chips, pretzels, other snack foods, processed foods |
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What are sodium deficiencies? |
Cramps muscle |
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Which foods contain high amounts of potassium? |
Very greens, Lima beans, baked potato, spinach, sweet potato, orange juice, banana |
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What are some deficiencies of not having enough potassium? |
Irregular heart beat, and muscle cramps |
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Which foods are high in magnesium? |
Spinach, pumpkin seeds, black beans, brown rice, almonds, soy milk |
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What are some magnesium deficiencies? |
Muscle weakness and pain, poor heart function |
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What foods contain high amounts of phosphorus? |
Diary products, processed foods, soft drinks, baked goods, meet |
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What foods contain high amounts of phosphorus? |
Diary products, processed foods, soft drinks, baked goods, meet |
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Are there deficiencies of phosphorus? |
Nope none |
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Which foods contain high amounts of chloride? |
Processed foods, salty snacks, and table salt |
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Which foods contain high amounts of chloride? |
Processed foods, salty snacks, and table salt |
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What are some deficiencies of chloride? |
Convulsions in infants |
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Which foods contain high amounts of chloride? |
Processed foods, salty snacks, and table salt |
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What are some deficiencies of chloride? |
Convulsions in infants |
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Which foods contain high amounts of sulfur? |
Protein rich foods |
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Which foods contain high amounts of chloride? |
Processed foods, salty snacks, and table salt |
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What are some deficiencies of chloride? |
Convulsions in infants |
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Which foods contain high amounts of sulfur? |
Protein rich foods |
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Are there deficiencies in sulfur? |
Nope none |
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Which foods contain high amounts of chloride? |
Processed foods, salty snacks, and table salt |
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What are some deficiencies of chloride? |
Convulsions in infants |
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Which foods contain high amounts of sulfur? |
Protein rich foods |
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Are there deficiencies in sulfur? |
Nope none |
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What is metabolic water? |
Water formed by cells as a metabolic byproduct |
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What is zinc necessary?? |
Components of numerous enzymes |
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Which foods contain high amounts of zinc? |
Seafood, meat, while grains |
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What are some deficiencies with zinc? |
Delay sexual maturation, and growth retardation |
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What is major function of iron? |
Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin that carries oxygen, energy gens ruin and immune system function |
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What is major function of iron? |
Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin that carries oxygen, energy gens ruin and immune system function |
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What foods contain iron? |
Clams, whole grain, oysters, |
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What are some iron deficiencies? |
Anemia: poor oxygen transport in blood |
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What is some food sources of selenium? |
Meat, eggs, fish, seafood, whole grain |
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What is some food sources of selenium? |
Meat, eggs, fish, seafood, whole grain |
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What are some deficiencies of selenium? |
Muscle pain and weaknesses and form of a heart disease |
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What is some food sources of selenium? |
Meat, eggs, fish, seafood, whole grain |
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What are some deficiencies of selenium? |
Muscle pain and weaknesses and form of a heart disease |
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What is the function of iodine? |
Component of thyroid hormones? |
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What is some food sources of selenium? |
Meat, eggs, fish, seafood, whole grain |
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What are some deficiencies of selenium? |
Muscle pain and weaknesses and form of a heart disease |
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What is the function of iodine? |
Component of thyroid hormones? |
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What food contains iodine? |
Iodized salt, salt water fishy, diary products |
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What is some food sources of selenium? |
Meat, eggs, fish, seafood, whole grain |
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What are some deficiencies of selenium? |
Muscle pain and weaknesses and form of a heart disease |
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What is the function of iodine? |
Component of thyroid hormones? |
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What food contains iodine? |
Iodized salt, salt water fishy, diary products |
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What are iodine deficiencies? |
Goiter: thyroid gland produces insufficient amounts of thyroid hormone Cretinism: condition affecting infants of women level low during pregnancy |
