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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a vitamin?
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Vita=vital amine=amine group
Organic compound that the body requires in small amounts for normal metabolic functions. Not enough be synthesized in the body; single unit so no bonds. |
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What functions do vitamins play?
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regualte metabolism
help body convert energy promote growth and reproduction |
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What are the water-soluble vitamins?
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B-complexes and vit C
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What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
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Vitamin A, D, E, K
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Vitamin A
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carotenoids and retinoids
promotes vision epithelial cells (protects skin from sun damage) Important in fetal/child development Supports mucus production |
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Vitamin D
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Can be synthesized by UV light
Important for bone growth (absorption of Ca and P) Improves immune system (antibodies made in bones) Too little results in rickets |
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Vitamin E
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Antioxidant
Anti-coagulant |
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Vitamin K
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Coagulant
Helps bind Ca to bone matrix Can be ingested or made by bacteria in colon |
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What is passive diffusion?
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Moving from high to low concentrations. Requires no work b/c increasing entropy
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What is active transport?
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Moving from low to high concentration. Requires energy.
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What are the B vitamins?
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Thiamin
Riboflavin Niacin Folate Biotin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Acid |
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Thiamin
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Helps in converting carbs to pryuvate
Needed for protein metabolism and nerve impulses Too little results in beriberi |
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Riboflavin
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Helps in ATP
Enhances functions of other Bs and minerals Too little will make throat, mouth, tongue, and/or lips swollen |
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Niacin
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Essential in energy metabolism
Electron transport chain Keeps skin cells healthy Too little leads to Pellagra (3 Ds) |
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Biotin
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Has sulfur
Maintains healthy hair and nails |
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Vitamin B6
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Acts as an enzyme
Needed for amino acid metabolism Helps in glycogenolysis in muscles and gluconeogenesis (from non-carbs) |
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Folate
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Essential for DNA
Important for fetal growth (neural tube development) Required by law to be added to some foods |
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Vitamin C
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Ascorbic acid
Necessary for synthesis of collagen Immune system (makes more white blood cells) Antioxidant |
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What roles does water play in the body?
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1. Transports dissolved things throughout the body
2. Maintains body temp 3. Lubricant and protective cushion 4. Provides structure to cells 5. Maintains homeostasis 6. Essential for most chemical reactions in body 7. Regulates blood pressure and volume |
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What do sodium potassium pumps do?
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Cells should have low Na inside compared to outside. When Na enters a cell, water follows, Pumps then send out 3 Na in exchange for two K to push water back out.
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What are the macrominerals?
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Ca, Na, K, Cl, P, Mg
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What are the microminerals?
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Fa, Zn, Cu, Se, Cr, I, Mn
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What roles to minerals play in the body?
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1. Structure
2. Nervous system 3. Muscle contractions 4. Part of enzymes/coenzymes 5. Osmosis and Diffusion |
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Sodium
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Major electrolyte
Mostly found in blood and intercell. Stimulates nerve impulses Muscle contractions |
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Chloride
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Major electrolyte
Blood and intracell. |
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Potassium
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Intracell.
Maintains fluid balance Muscles and Nerves Bone health |
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Phosphorous
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Mostly found in bone tissues, rest in muscles and intercell.
Phospholipid membrane Acts as a blood buffer |
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Magnesium
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60% in bones, 25% muscles
Lots of enzyme reactions |
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Iron
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Needed for hemoglobin
Transports O2 Necessart to fight infections |
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Copper
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Important for blood clotting
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Zinc
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Needed for DNA synthesis
Helps wounds heal |
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Iodine
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Important for public health (prevents goiter)
Used to make hormones |
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What is basal metabolism?
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Energy spent of vital functions but NOT digestion
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What is lean body mass?
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Total body weight-fat mass
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What is the thermic effect of food?
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Body uses energy to digest food.
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What is body composition?
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Ratio of fat to lean body mass
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What are the two types of fat?
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Essential and Adipose
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What is subcutaneous?
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Fat found under the skin
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What is visceral?
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Fat found around internal organs
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What is Pellagra?
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Caused from not eating enough niacin (corn-based diet). Results in the the Ds
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What causes beriberi?
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lack of thiamin
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