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83 Cards in this Set
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a set of values for the dietary nutrient intakes of healthy people in the USA and Canada.
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
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the average daily amounts of nutrients considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people.
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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
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the average amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified critierion; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when a RDA cannot be determined
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Adequate intake (AI)
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the amount of a nutrient that will maintain biochemical or physiological function in half the people of a given age and sex group
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Facilitation Nutrition Research & Policy: EAR (Estimated Average Requirements
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3 monosaccharides?
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glucose, galactose, fructose
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3 disaccharides?
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maltose, sucrose, lactose
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2 energy yielding polysaccharides?
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starch and glycogen
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___ is a plant polysaccharide.
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starch
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___ is the storage form of glucose.
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glycogen
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Glycogen is made and stored by ___ and ___ of human beings and animals.
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liver, muscle tissues
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3 complex carbohydrates?
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starch, glycogen, and some fibers
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5 fibers?
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cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums and mucilages, lignins
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Main component of cell wall in plants?
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cellulose
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The fiber that is abundant in vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits and apples?
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pectins
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Main constituent in cereal fibers?
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hemicellulose
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Have similar structures and are used as additives or stabilizers by the food industry?
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Gums and mucilages
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A fiber
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Tough, woody parts of plants; few foods people eat contain much of this.
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lignin
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Soluble fibers and insoluble fibers are both digestible or indigestible?
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indigestible
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6 nutrients?
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water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
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soluble fibers?
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pectins, gums, mucilages, some hemicellulose
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insoluble fibers?
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cellulose, lignin, some hemicellulose
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Sugar alcohols are or are not carbohydrates?
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are
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4 examples of artificial sweeteners?
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saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame K
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People with the metabolic disorder, PKU, cannot dipose of the amino acid ___.
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phenylketonuria
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The hormone ___ acts to liberate glucose from the liver.
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glucagon
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The liver can store a certain amount or unlimited amount of glycogen.
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certain amount
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The body can store a certain amount or unlimited amount of fat?
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unlimited
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The ___ and ___ need their energy as glucose.
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brain, nervous system
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Ketones are a waste product from the breakdown of ___ during starvation when ___ is not available.
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fat, carbohydrate
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What are large complex molecules consisting of interconnected rings of carbon?
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sterols
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Omega-6 fatty acids are found where?
Omega-3 fatty acids? |
seeds of plants
fish oils |
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3 examples of sterols?
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cholesterol, vitamin d, sex hormones (testosterone & estrogen)
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Both plant and animal derived foods contain ___.
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sterols
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Only animal-derived foods contain ___.
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cholesterol
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Cholesterol is made by the ___ from either ___ or ___.
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liver, carbohydrate, fat
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2 routes of cholesterol?
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1. May be made into bile to be stored in the gallbladder.
2. Travels in the bloodstream. |
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Bile is made by the ___ from ___.
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liver, cholesterol
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___, especially ___ fat is the main influential factor in raising blood cholesterol
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total fat, saturated
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___ fatty acids lower blood cholesterol.
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polyunsaturated
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2 carbohydrate based fat replacers?
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oatrim and z-trim
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Protein based fat replacer?
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simplesse
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fat-based fat replacer?
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salatrim and olestra
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One type of phospholipid?
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lecithins
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The softer a fat is, the more saturated or unsaturated it is?
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unsaturated
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How many essential amino acids are there?
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9
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When glucose or fatty acids are limited, then, cells are forced to use ___ for energy and glucose.
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amino acids
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severe deprivation or impaired absorption of protein, energy, vitamins, and mineral
chronic or acute malnutrition? |
marasmus, chronic
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acute protein malnutrition
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Kwashiorkor
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Proteins recommendations for a health adult = ___ gram protein/kilogram
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0.8
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a protein lacking one or more of the essential amino acids
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incomplete protein
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contains all the essential amino acids in amounts adequate for human use
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complete protein
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a complete protein that is easily digested and absorbed by the body; give an example
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high-quality protein, egg protein
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an essential amino acid supplied in less than the amount needed to support protein synthesis
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limiting amino acid
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2 or more incomplete proteins when combined together create a complete protein; give an example
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complementary proteins, rice and beans
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Gastric juices contain ___, ___ acid, and what two enzymes?
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water, HCL, pepsin, lipase
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___ juice contains sodium bicarbonate.
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pancreatic
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Absorbption of nutrients occurs in the ___.
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small intestine
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Bile is made by the ___ and stored by the ___.
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liver, gallbladder
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Blood leaving the digestive system goes via the ___ to the ___.
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veins, liver
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The lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells into the body.
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chylomicron
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VLDL are composed primarily of ___.
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triglycerides
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LDL is composed primarily of ___.
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cholesterol
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HDL is composed primarily of ___.
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protein
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LDL carries ___ and ___ from the ___ to the cells of the body.
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triglycerides, cholesterol, liver
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HDL transports ___ to OR back to the liver.
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back to
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Bacteria multiply at temperatures between ___ degrees and ___ degrees.
What is this called? |
40, 140, danger zone
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___ can be reconverted back to glucose but ___ cannot.
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pyruvate, acetyl CoA
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___ is interconvertible with pyruvate therefore can produce energy or become glucose.
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glycerol
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Fatty acids are broken down to form ___.
Can this be turned into glucose? |
acetyl CoA, No
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Amino acids of proteins can be converted to ___ or ___.
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pyruvate, acetyl CoA
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Excess carbohydrate is stored as ___ in the ___ and ___.
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glycogen, liver, muscles
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Excess fat is stored in ___ cells as ___.
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fat, triglycerides
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Amino acids will lose their nitrogens and be converted through the intermediates pyruvate and acetyl CoA to ___.
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tryglycerides
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Women with a measurement of ___ inches or larger and men with ___ inches or larger have a high risk for central obesity.
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35, 40
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an index of a person's weight in relation to height
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Body mass index (BMI)
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The enzyme that promotes fat storage in fat cells and muscle cells?
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lipoprotein lipase
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A protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the obesity gene; increases satiety and energy expenditure.
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leptin
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the body tends to maintain weight by means of its own internal controls
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set-point theory
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appetite suppressant; may cause high blood pressure
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sibutramine
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inhibits the production of fat-digesting enzymes in the pancreas and reduces fat absorption by 30%
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orlistat
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3 types of surgeries for weight loss?
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gastric banding, gastric bypass, gastric partitioning
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the energy needed to maintain life when a person is at complete rest after a 12 hour fast
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basal metabolism
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the rate at which the body spends energy for these maintenance activities
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basal metabolic rate
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