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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the 5 functions of digestion
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Ingestion, Grinding, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination.
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The layers of the digestive tract from inside to outside is are what?
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Mucosa, Sub-mucosa, Muscle, and Serosal
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What are the 5 types of teeth?
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Incisors, Canine, Premolars, Molars, Brachydont, and Hyosodont
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Dental Formulas for Canine puppy and adult.
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Puppy: i3/3 c1/1 p3/3
Adult: I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 |
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Dental Formulas for Feline kitten and adult.
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Kitten: i3/3 c1/1 p3/2
Adult: I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 |
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Dental Formula for Equine, Porcine, and Bovine
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Equine: I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M3/3
Porcine: I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3 Bovine: I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3 |
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Name the type of taste sensors
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Filiform, Fungiform, Foliate, Circumvallate
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Which species are tonsils most important in?
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Man and Dog
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Name the 3 types of tonsils.
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Palatine - Man and Dog
Lingual - Horse, Cow, and Pig Pharyngeal - Enlargement of these is called adenoids |
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Parts of the Ruminant Stomach:
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Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
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Most cranial compartment, lies closest to the heart, known as the honeycomb. Traumatic reticular pericarditis or “hardware disease”
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Reticulum
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Large muscular portion that extend from the diaphragm to the pelvis. Fermenting vat for feed. Explain cudding and bloat. (Rumental tympany)
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Rumen
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Located to the right of the rumen and just caudal to the liver. Serves to grind roughage before it enters the abomasums. Also called the “book” stomach.
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Omasum
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True stomach, where digestion actually begins, located ventral to the omasum and caudally on the right side of the rumen.
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Abomasum
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Crypts of Lieberkuhn
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Located between the vili. Secrete mucus and in the small intestine, secrete the enzyme enterokinase, which activates the pancreatic secretion of
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trypsinogen and a small amount of the enzyme amylase which assists in starch breakdown. Trypsin digestion test.
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x
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The salivary glands consists of 3 pairs of glands:
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Parotid, Mandibular, Submandibular
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What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?
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It has both endocrine (secreting internally) and exocrine (secreting externally) functions
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Functions of the Liver
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Storage and filtration of blood, secretion of bile, detoxification of noxious substances,
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What are the 3 hormones of the pancreas and what are their functions?
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The alpha cells secrete glucagons, which elevates blood sugar. The beta cells secrete insulin, which affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fats.
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The delta cells secretes somatostatin, whose function is not fully known, but is thought to inhibit the secretion of glucagons and insulin and may control metabolic processes.
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x
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What is the most important nutrient that exists?
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Water
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Water constitutes up to _____% of the weight of a newborn puppy and _______% of the weight of an adult.
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84%
50-60% |
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_____% Skin turgidity is lost
____% Eyes are Sunken _____% Death |
4-5%
7% 10% and above |
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PCV stands for what?
A higher than normal % is what? a lower than normal %? |
Pack Cell Volume
Higher - Dehydration Lower - Anemia |
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What are some other ways hydration can be assessed?
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Moisture of mucous membranes
Heart Rate Peripheral pulse (shock- light pulse) |
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What are 3 methods to replace fluid in a animal?
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Intravenous - Fastest
Subqutaneous Per Os - Slowest |
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What formulas do you use to determine how much to replace?
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BW (lbs) x % dehydration (decimal) x 500 = Deficit in ML
BW (kgs) x % dehydration (decimal) = Deficit in L |
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What are the rates for other fluid administration:
Anesthesia? Rapid Rehydration? Shock? |
Anesthesia - 5ml/#/hr
Rapid- 20ml/# for the first hr then reduce to maint. rate Shock - Dogs - 40ml/#/hr Cats - 25ml/#/hr |
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What are the functions of Water?
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Regulate body temp, Maintain electrolyte concentrations, medium for chemical reactions, lubricate body tissues.
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What is the number 1 solvent on earth?
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Water
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What is the consumption of water in pet food?
Dry, Semi-moist, and Canned |
Dry: 6-10%
Semi-moist: 23-40% Canned: 68-78% |
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An animal eating dry food will consume about _______ parts of water to one part dry food.
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2 1/4
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Drinking is controlled by the ________ which lies just caudal to the brain. The _______ serves as the bodies thermoregulator.
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Hypothalmus
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Why may a dog still exhibit a need for water if they are on IV fluids?
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Release of the antidiurectic hormone, will cause the animal to be thirsty and will also cause the kidneys to reabsorb water to preserve it in the bodies system.
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Heat stroke: 104F -106F is what? Over 106F is what?
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104-106 - Mild
106+ - Moderate to Extreme |
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How do you cool the body?
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In a tub of cool water (not ice), once temp is normal start IV fluids to restore dehydration.
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What are some ways heat stroke can occur?
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Car, Shadless yard, Back of a truck in summer, and Extensive exercise in the summer.
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Name some ways water is lost throughout the body.
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Urine (#1), Loss from skin, Respiration, Feces, Saliva, Milk
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What are the 2 types of calories?
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Large - Amount of heat to needed to raise the temp. of 1kg of water 1*C.
Small - Amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1gm of water 1*C. |
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Calories provide:
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Utilization of all other nutrients and heat to maintain body temp.
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What is the prime regulator of food consumption?
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Dietary Energy
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Protein ___ cal/gm
Carbohydrate ___ cal/gm Fat ___ cal/gm |
4
4 9 |
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How is the gross energy determined?
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Completely burning the food to its oxidation products using bomb calorimeter.
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How is the digestible energy determined?
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Animal feeding trial
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How is the metabolizable energy determined?
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Animal feeding trial
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How is the net energy determined?
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Measuring body heat losses and subtracting it from the M.E. value
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How much digestible energy does each size need?
Small breeds <20# Medium/Large 20-75# Giant >75# |
50
35 30 |
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How many cal per pound of body weight do cats require?
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50
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Proteins are groups of _________ joined by peptide linkage.
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Amino Acids
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What are non-essential proteins?
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Those that the body does make enough of. Do not need to be supplied in the diet.
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What are essential proteins?
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Those that cannot be formed within the body rapidly enough to meet the bodies requirements.
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What are the essential proteins?
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Arginine, Leucine, Phenylalanine, Valine, Histadine, Lysine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Threonine, Taurine.
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Which is only for cats? Where do feral cats get this from?
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Taurine
Animal related food |
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A lack of taurine in cats will cause what?
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Decrease in Eye and Cardiac health.
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50% of an animals body is water the other 50% is mass of that mass what % is protein?
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60%
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What are some foods that are high in protein?
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Eggs, Meat, Beans, and Chicken
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Crude protein refers to the ________ in a food source.
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Nitrogen
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Crude Protein =
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% Nitrogen x 6.25
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What is biological value?
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The estimate of protein quality, it reflects the # and amount of essential amino acids the food contains.
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What is the biological value for the following foods?
Egg, Milk, Liver, Wheat, Corn. |
Egg=100% Milk=92% Liver=79% Wheat=48%
Corn=45% |
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What does AAFCO stand for?
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Associations of American Feed Control Officials
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Higher biological value the _____ you have to eat
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Less
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Higher protein promotes what?
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Muscle Growth
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Higher protein provides amino acids during periods of what? Give Examples
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Stress; Disease, Wound healing, surgery, and lactation.
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Protein digestion starts in the what? But actual absorption occurs where?
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Stomach
Small Intestine |
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What is the digestibility of most commercial pet foods?
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70-85%
Higher=less output (feces) |
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Protein - Amino Acid - ___________ - ____________.
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Ammonia (NH4) - Urea (Waste)
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Any excess of amino acids are excreted because _____________. This excretion ultimately occurs through the ___________.
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They cant be stored.
Kidneys |
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Is excessive protein harmful to the animal?
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Yes and no, because if the protein intake is higher, then ultimately the kidneys will have to work harder to excrete the urea.
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What life stage could excessive protein be harmful to?
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Geriatric
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How do we test for kidney evaluation?
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BUN - Blood Urea Nitrogen Test
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What are the 2 different ways to do this test?
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Dip Stick - Azostix
Blood Chemistry Analyzer - Vet Test 8008 |
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What are the normal values for these?
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Avg. BUN = 15-20 mg/dl for most species
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What might cause the BUN to rise?
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Excessive dietary protein
Renal Dysfunction - Heart worms and Congestive Heart Failure. |
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What might cause the BUN to go down?
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Protein Deficiency - Starvation
Liver Dysfunction |
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What are the 2 sphincters associated with the stomach?
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Pyloric & cardiac
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What is the condition in horses associated with large intestine?
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Collic
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What is the function of the Chief & Parietal cells?
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Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid, and chief cells produce pepsinogen and rinnin.
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Trypsin Digestion test is testing for what?
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To see if protein is being processed (release of trypsinogen)
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Explain the Triadan Tooth System.
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The mouth is broken down into 4 quadrants and each tooth is given a number. Ex: The most medial tooth in quad. 1 is 101, next is 102 going laterally.
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Which organ can you not see well on dog x-ray?
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Kidney
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Explain why the large intestine is significant in horses?
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Because they do not have a ruminate stomach but they eat the same thing so it has to work harder to digest it.
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1. Islets of Langerhans A. Ileum
2. Amylase B. Alph, Beta, Delta Cells 3. Small intestines C. Mucus 4. Brunners gland D. Breaks Down Starch |
1. = B
2. = D 3. = A 4. = C |
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1. Lipase A. Portal Vein
2. Peyers Patches B. Breaks down protein 3 .Liver C. Ileum 4. Trypsinogen D. Breaks down fats |
1. = D
2. = C 3. = A 4. = B |
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Carbohydrates
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-main purpose=provide energy
-can be stored in the body (1 way to provide energy overtime) |
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Classification of Carbohydrates
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-simple sugars
-complex sugars -trisaccharides -polysaccharides |
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Simple Sugars
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-sugars that are easily broken down to be absorbed by the body.
-Monosaccharides. ex:glucose, fructose |
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Complex Sugars
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-formed by the combo of two molecules of monosacaccharides.
-Disaccharides ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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Trisaccharides
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-consist of one molecule each of glucose, galactose, & fructose.
-Raffinose |
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Polysaccharides
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-made up of numerous molecules of simple sugars
ex: Dextrin, starch, cellulose, glycogen |
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Some digestion of ______occurs in the _______ by the enzyme _____ _____. The primary site of digestion occurs in the _____.
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-carbohydrates
-mouth -salivary amylase -Intestines |
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During digestion, what's broken down to monosaccharides (before it can be stored)?
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-starch, glycogen, & disaccharides
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Most of the carbohydrates in pet rations are absorbed as _____?
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Glucose
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Absorbed galactose and fructose are converted to ___?
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Glucose
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Entry of blood glucose into most body cells is dependent upon ______________?
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-insulin from the pancreas
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Which is not insulin dependent?
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-entry of glucose into red blood cells, cell of the liver, & central nervous system.
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Normal values for blood glucose?
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80-120 mg/dl
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Hypoglycemia (definition)
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decrease in blood glucose
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Hypoglycemia (causes)
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-pancreatic dysfunction may cause excessive insulin production, which decreases blood glucose.
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Heavy worked animals may ____?
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-utilize all of the available blood glucose
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Some small breeds metabolize____?
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-quickly & need constant replenishment of energy
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Hyperglycemia (definition)
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-increase in blood glucose
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Hyperglycemia (causes)
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-diabetes mellitus-defienciency in insulin production
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Glucosuria?
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-glucose in the urine
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Ketonemia?
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-Ketones in the blood
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Most commonly seen in? (hyperglycemia)
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-middle aged, obese, female dogs
-it may be somewhat hereditary |
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Most common breeds? (hyperglycemia)
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-schnauzer, cockers, poodles
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Fasting blood glucose test:
fast for how long? Average? |
12 hrs
80-120 |
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What may be given to the owner due to diabetes in a patient or hyperglycemia?
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-insulin injections; make sure they know how to give them.
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Fiber?
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Carbohydrates whose bonds are resistant to the action of gastrointestinal enzymes
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Main fiber carbohydrates are?
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-cellulose
-pectin -lignin |
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Cellulose
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-forms the skeleton of most plant structures, can be digested by ruminants, is indigestable by simple stomached animals.
-is converted to fatty acids to be used as energy in ruminants |
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Hemicellulose
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-second most abundant compound found in plants
-most dense |
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Pectin
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-sugar polymer which may have effect on controlling frothy bloat
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Lignin
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-an almost indigestable polysaccharide found in wood, hulls, & straw
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The source of fiber in most pet foods is ________ & _________?
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-cereal grains
-by-products |
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When bacteria break down ______, fermentation occurs which produces ___ & ___?
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-fiber
-heat -gas |
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Which carbohydrates can be partially digested & utilized by the non-ruminant & extensively digested in the ruminant?
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-Cell Wall Carbohydrates
(cellulose & hemicellulose) |
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Some effects of Fiber intake?
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-prevention of constipation
-bulking agent to promote colonic peristalsis -water absorbing properties -increased fiber may reduce caloric intake while feeling full |
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Lack of fiber in humans can cause these diseases?
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-varicose veins -polyps
-hemorrhoids -coronary artery disease -diverticulitis -colonic cancer |
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Fiber helps to reduce the absorbtion of?
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-carcinoges
-steroids -other toxic material |
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What does fiber do to make sure there is less time for absorbtion?
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-speeds up the intestinal transit: by absorbing the toxin into the fecal more or diluting it by absorbing water.
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You have a 50# dog that is 5% dehydrated. What is the fluid replacement in ml that would be required?
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50x.05x500 = 1250 ml
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You have a 70# dog that is 7% dehydrated. What is the fluid replacement in ml that would be required?
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70x.07x500 = 2450 ml
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Define protein
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Energy producing nutrient. groups of amino acids joined by peptide linkage.
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What 3 sources do pets total water com from?
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Per Os
Food Metabolized Water |
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Explain gluconeogenesis
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Liver cells use fat or proteins to synthesize new glucose for the blood.
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When does this occur?
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When blood glucose levels are low (below 60)
When insufficient glucose is entering the cells and glycogen stores are depleted. |
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Fats are complex molecules that are broken down by the ________ system into smaller molecules known as what?
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Digestive - Fatty Acids
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These fatty acids can be used as a source of what?
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Fuel for energy, hormone production, skin and coat oils, membranes, and as body cell parts.
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What are the 4 main fat functions?
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Supply Energy
Palatability Essential fatty acids Carry fat soluble vitamins |
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What are the 3 essential fatty acids?
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Linoleic Acid
Linolenic Acid Arachidonic Acid |
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Whats the most potent source of the essential fatty acids for dogs?
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Vegetable oil
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Cats have a dietary requirement for __________ which is of animal origin.
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Arachidonic
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Name the 6 sources of fat.
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Lard, Horse fat, Poultry fat, Cottonseed oil, vegetable oil, and fish oil.
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Fats are concentrated forms of energy ___ cal/gm
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9
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Fats are converted to glycerol and fatty acids in the __________.
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Small Intestine
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Bile salts break down _______ to a water miscible form and ___________ splits the fat into glycerol and fatty acids.
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Fats
pancreatic lipase |
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Digestion and absorption is complete within _______ hours.
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2
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The higher fat absorption produces the following results in the blood.
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Slowed circulation
Shortened Clotting time Decrease in sedimentation rate |
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The increase lipase production by the pancreas can lead to another condition...
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Pancreatitis
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If the digestive enzymes become activated within the pancreas and are not released they will begin to what?
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Digesting the pancreas itself
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Pancreatitis is classified as __________ or __________.
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Acute or Chronic
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What are some of the symptoms?
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Abdominal pain
Vomiting Elevated Pancreatic Enzymes Diarrhea |
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What are some of the causes?
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Hyperlipemia
Obesity Infectious Disease Trauma |
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What is the treatment?
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NPO
IV fluids Anti-inflammatory drugs |
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Dietary management
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Diet low in fat and no table food.
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Feline Nutritional needs
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-higher protein (carnivores)
-taurine -arachodonic acid -reduced carbs |
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What year were canned commercial pet foods developed?
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1950
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What year were dry foods more predominate?
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1970
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Which cat foods need increased carbs to bind the ingredients?
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dry
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What type of feeding leads to increased calories?
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free choice feeding
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Feline Diabetes Canidate?
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-male-neutered-obese
-middle aged-genetic predisposition (burmese) -sedentary |
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Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus?
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-polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss or gain
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Diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus?
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-Glucosuria- persistent or stress induced
-Hyperglycemia-hematologic analysis |
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Treatment of Diabetes mellitus?
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-diet
-exercise -Insulin Therapy |
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Ideal diet to treat diabetes mellitus?
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-low carb
-high protein -canned vs dry |
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How to exercise cats to treat diabetes mellitus?
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toys, laser pointer, virtual fishbowl
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Insulin Therapy
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-PZI- long acting 40 IU/ml -Glargine-long duration, improves glycemic control 100 IU/ml -Detemir-can be diluted, has similar action to Glargine, 100 IU/ml -3-5 days for affect, initial dose reduction in 2 weeks, may achieve remission in 4-6 weeks
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Maintenance of diabetes treatment?
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-feeding schedules-small meals 4x daily
-monitor water intake -blood glucose concentrations target= 83-133 mg/dl (home & clinical monitoring) |
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Ash?
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noncombustible residue remaining after a measured sample of food is burned at 600 C for 120 min.
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How do you determine ash?
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by calculating the residue as a percentage of the original sample ex. 50 g sample ash is 3.5g, 7%
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4 essential minerals ash contains?
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calcium
phosphorus salt iron |
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is ash content required on pet food labels?
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no
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excessive ash content has been implicated in ________ in cats
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FUS (feline urological syndrome) or FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract disease)
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Calcium and Phosporous are necessary for..?
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normal bone development, provide rigidity for bones and teeth, aid in blood coagulation, needed for nerve excitability
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a proper ratio of ____ &____ is necessary to achieve normal ____ & ____.
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calcium & phosphorus
growth & development |
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Bone is composed of?
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bone matrix. containing: calcium, phosphorous, carbonate, citrate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride, & trace elements
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rise in ____ give rise to ___ which are bone forming cells
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osteoblasts
osteocytes |
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cartilage? does?
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elastic semihard tissue covering the surface of the bone. permits smooth motion & deminishes friction.
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The ___ is a temporary cartilage formation which grows by multiplying its ____ ____.
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epiphysis
own cells |
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Where does bone growth take place?
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epiphyseal-diaphyseal plate
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"closing of the epiphysis" is what ? occurs when?
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the junction is replaced by calcified bone
age 1 |
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Phosphorous from animal source? plant source?
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100%
50% |
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what is an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus to pets?
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bone meal
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NSH?
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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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NSH results in a _____ or _____ of bones due to failure of the bone matrix to ____.
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softening
deformation solidify |
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this formation of bone matrix takes place but what is low and what fails to calcify?
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calcium is low in supply and bone fails to calcify
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this condition occurs in what kind of animals?
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ones who are fed an all meat diet during their growth stage.
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what does this condiditon result in?
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weight-bearing skeletal deformities and folding or compression fractures.
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Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy?
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young, rapid grwowing dos of large or giant breed variety. pain and soft tissue swelling usually around the distal radius, ulna and tibia, lameness and varying degrees of fever, lethargy and anorexia.
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Canine Hip displasia?
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genetic problem, small acetabulum, a mishapen femoral head.
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Canine hip displasia causes?
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lameness and pain in the joints
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#1 dog affected by it?
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English bull dog
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Animals under_____ can remove the ____ ____ and will do fine. in larger animals a ____ ____ can be done.
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40#
femoral head hip replacement |
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Degenerative joint disease?
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pen-fed young bulls, lameness atrophy of the muscles of the hip and hind limb
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Thought to be _____ but can be made worse by a diet high in ______ and low in _____ but is dense in _____ so that the bull has a high body weight is growing fast.
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hereditary
phosphorous calcium |
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Rickets (osteomalacia)?
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(soft bones) young growing animals, caused by deficiency in phosphorus and Vitamin D.
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The bones fail to ____ which results in a ____ appearance of the legs and swollen joints.
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calcify
bowed |
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Parurient Paresis
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Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in cattle following calving. unable to rise.
enclapsia-dogs. lactation tetany-mares. |
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Parathyroid Hormone?
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PTH, produced by the parathyroid gland, necessary for moving calcium from the bone. prevents having continual bone growth.
|
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Cacitonin?
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produced by the thyroid gland, which inhibits bone resorption.
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Vitamin D?
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(sun) functions as a hormone. promotes intestinal calcium absorption. calcium absorption occurs in the small intestine, mainly the duodenum and the jejunum.
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Magnesium?
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use in fundamental enzymatic reactions, especially the use of amino acids and fatty acids for energy.
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Where does magnesium absoption occur?
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small intestines
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what all affect magnesium absorption?
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calcium, phosporous, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone
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deficincy in magnesium in puppies causes?
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depression, incoordination, muscular weakness, hyperextension of forepaw, droopiness of ears & tail.
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Mg deficiency in cats causes?
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muscular weakness, hyperirratibility, convulsions, reduced food intake & poor growth.
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excess Mg in cats?
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has been associated with FUS
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Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany, grass staggers)
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cattle, during spring (lush & green pastures) eat only top of grass that has been heavily fertilized. Mg levels are low. Nitrogen fertilizer inhibits Mg absorption.
Or calves fed strictly milk diet |
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symptoms?
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ataxia, possible seizures, could lapse into a coma, then death.
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Sodium, Chloride, & Potassium are?
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Fluid regulators
electrolytes (when dissolved into water dissasociates into electrically charged ions and is capable of conducting an electrical current) |
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What do they do?
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help to maintain the balance between fluids inside& outside the cell.
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Sodium is?
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an essential element of plasma and other extracellular fluids.
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What does Na help do?
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aid in the transfer of nutrients & the removal of wastes from the cell. Also produces bile, which is important in the digestion of fats & carbs. Excess is excreted by the Kidney.
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Chloride is needed for?
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the formation of hydrochloric acid in the gastic juices, which is used to digest protein. It is excreted in the urine.
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Causes of NaCl deficiency?
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prolonged & severe diarrhea, vomiting, & adrenal cortical insufficency.
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Signs of NaCl deficiency are?
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fatigue, exhaustion, inability to maintain water balance, decreased water intake, retarted growth, dryness of skin, & loss of hair.
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NaCl excess can occur wit hwater deprivations signs are?
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thirst, pruritis, constipation, anorexia, seizures, and death.
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Potassium is needed for?
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proper enzyme, muscle, nerve function, fluid balance, & apetite. It is absorbed in the small and large intestine.
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K signs of deficiency?
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poor growth, restlessness, muscular paralysis, dehydration, lesions in the heart & kidney.
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K deficiency can be caused by?
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chronic diarrhea, vomiting, starbation or diabetes mellitus.
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High levels of K have been known to affect what?
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the absorption of Mg.
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Most nutritional deficiences are unheard of due to?
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supplementation in pet foods.
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Iron?
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combined with large protein molecule makes hemoglobin, which is the iron containing compound in red blood cells.
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Fe is needed in?
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transporting oxygen & enzymes in energy utilization.
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Fe is absorbed in?
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the small intestines. it is rapid, appearing in the red blood cells in about 4 hrs after ingestion.
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what is the larges utilization of Fe?
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the formation of red blood cells, hemopoiesis
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What is a result in deficiency of Fe?
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anemia. symptoms include: reduced appetite, diarrhea, rough hair coat, increases suceptability to disease.
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What can anemia be caused by?
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hereditary, pathological, or nutritional origins.
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When is nutritional anemia more likely to occur?
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in the young during suckling period.
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____ is extremely low in iron source.
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Milk
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The ____of the newborn does have a supply of ____ which normally lasts through to weaning but may not do to ____ _____ in the dam.
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liver
iron nutritional deficiencies |
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How do we test for anemia?
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PCV test, find out % of RBC's microhematocrit tube fill with blood, put into centrifuge. use chemistry/blood analyzer
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Anemias: aplastic?
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bone marrow fails to produce essential blood elements. Does not respond to anti-anemia therapies.
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Anemias: hemolytic?
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caused by shortened life span of RBC & the bone marrow inability to compensate for the decreased life span.
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Anemias: Hypochromic?
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reduction in hemoglobin & increased area of central palor in the RBC.
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anemias: Hypoplastic?
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varying degrees of erythrocyte under development.
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anemias: Parasitic?
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due to the absence of RBC due to parasite ingestion.
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anemias: PCV or Microhematocrit in most species (average)?
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37%-45%
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Zinc?
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commone in natural feedstuffs, body has inability to absorb, most commercial pet foods are supplemented.
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Zinc Deficiencies?
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hypsogonadism (small genitals), skeletal deformities, corneal lesions, & impaired immune response.
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Manganese?
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occurs in the body; liver, & bones.
essential 4 normal reproduction. |
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what interferes with the absorbtion of manganese?
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excessive calcium & phosphorous.
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is manganese supplemented in commercial pet foods?
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yes
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Manganese is found essential in ___ utilization & be involved in the ___of___. IT is also involved in the production of____, and it is one of the ____ clotting factors.
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glucose
production of insulin prothrombin blood |
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Copper?
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used for mobilizing iron for hemoglobin synthesis.
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Iron is used for maturation of?
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collagen, pigmentation of hair, neural transmission
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where's copper absorbed?
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stomach &upper small intestine.
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where's copper stored?
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liver, kidney, & brain.
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Copper deficiency in cat?
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decreased plasma & connective tissue defects in the aorta.
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Copper deficiency in dog?
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dwarfing & skeletal malformations(hereditary)in the Alaskan Malemute.
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What breeds have genetic predisposition to copper toxicity?
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Bedlington terriers, west highland white, dobermans, & cocker spaniel
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High copper levels in the liver but serum concentrations low is called?
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Bedlington Terrier copper associated hepatopathy or copper storage disease.
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copper deficiency in ruminants?
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may cause anemia & central nervous system disorder.
aka: enzootic ataxia, swayback, falling disease. |
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Has copper deficiencies been reported in pigs?
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yes
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Selenium?
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required in growth factor. toxin.
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selenium deficiency?
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etiological agent in myopathies.
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selenium toxicity?
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characterized by garlic oder to breath.
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Selenium & _______ go hand & hand?
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Vitamin E
(need each other to function) |
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Most common disease associated with selenium deficiency?
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White muscle disease or enzootic Muscular dystrophy in calves, lambs, & foals.
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signs of selenium deficiency?
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dysphea, frothy nasal discharge, irregular heart rate. usually in young animals
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Mulberry Heart Disease affects?
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Pigs
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What other disease may occur in pigs?
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Hepatosis dietetica, degenerative disease of the liver.
-massive hepatic necrosis & sudden death are the clinical signs. |
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Have any occurances been reported in cats?
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no
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Where can selenium be found?
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High protein sources such as wheat or soy.
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Selenium toxicity is?
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due to overconsumption, usually by ruminants.
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what are the symptoms?
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listlessness, hairloss, soreness or sloughing of hooves, lameness, cardiac atrophy.
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acute toxicity can cause?
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blindness, abdominal pain, respiratory arrest.
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Iodine?
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is for synthesis of 2 hormones produced by the thyroid gland. the hormones are necessary for regulation of cell oxidation.
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Natural feeds normally do not contain enough _____ to meet the bodies requirements so it is _______ __________.
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Iodine
normally supplemented |
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deficiency in cats?
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goiter, alopecia, abnormal calcium metabolism & death.
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deficiency in dogs?
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goiter, skeletal deformities, alopecia, lethargy, timidity.
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Trace mineral
Cobalt? |
component in vitamin B12. deficiency is unlikely if adequate B12 is in the diet.
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Trace mineral
Nickel? |
no levels established for domestic animals. food source: rice, legumes, oats, most vegestables.
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Trace mineral
Sulphur? |
occurs in the amino acids cystine & methinonine, no levels set.
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Trace mineral
Molybdenum? |
important in the formation of uric acid. toxicity signs: chronic diarrhea, ill-thrift, depigmentation of hair.
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Trace mineral
Aluminum? |
essential to fertility & immune system.
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Trace mineral
Silicon? |
important 2 bone mineralization. essential
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Trace mineral
Chromium? |
essential 2 metabolism of carbs. may be relate 2 the onset of daibetes mellitus in primates.
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Trace mineral
Flourine? |
necessary for bones & teeth.
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