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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are proteins?
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large complex molecules made up of amino acids and found as essential components of all living cells.
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what are proteins made of?
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amino acids
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what are essential and conditionally essential amino acids?
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essential amino acids cannot be produced by our bodies, and conditional essential amino acids become essential under certain circumstances when the body needs to synthesize them.
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what is protein denaturation?
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when proteins uncoil and lose their shape, (protein function is lost)
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what is protein quality?
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ranges from low (incomplete protein) which doesn't contain all the essential amino acids, to high ( complete protein) contains sufficent amounts of all 9 essential amino acids.
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what are protein requirements and recommendations?
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nitrogen balance determines protein needs, the dietary recommendations state; AMDR: 10-35% of total kcal from protein, depends on activity level, age, health status, and source of protein consumed.
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what are the Diets relevant to high or limited protein intake?
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vegetarianism restricts diet to foods of plant origin,
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what are the factors, signals or stimuli which affect hunger, appetite and satiety?
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appetite- psychological desire to eat certain foods, arounsed by environmental cues, strong cravings in the absence of hunger, Hunger- physiological sensation that prompts us to eat, Satiety- the feeling of being full. these are affected by taste smell sigh touch hearing.
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whats the difference of Intake vs. Bioavailability?
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Intake not same as avail, Nutrients must be digested, absorbed, transported, retained, and sometimes activated so that individual cells can use the nutrients.
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What are hormones?
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hormones are regulatory chemical messengers.
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which hormones are involved in digestion?
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Neuropeptide y, Galanin, Glucagon, insulin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP), Leptin, serotonin, somatostatin, ghrelin, Secretin
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what are enzymes?
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specific proteins that promote chemical reactions to speed up bodily processes.
-digestive enzymes promote hydrolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks down substances by addition of water. - enzymes are specific to carbohydrate, protein or fat digestion. |
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Which enzymes are involved in digestion?
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salivary amylase, Pancreatic Amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, pepsin, proteases, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, cholesterol lipase, hepatic lipase
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Identify the main and accessory organs of the digestive system.
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Liver> produces bile, stores glycogen and vitamins. Pancrease> produces insulin and glucagon, bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. Gall bladder> stores bile
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What is the purpose and function of the muscles in the GI tract?
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to mix food and ensure efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients.
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Whats the definition of absorption?
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the physiologic process by which molecules of food are taken from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation.
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whats the definition of excretion?
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the bodily process of discharging waste and matter
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what is the digestion process?
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digestion begins in the mouth, then cephalic phase where hunger and appetite work together to prepare the gi tract for digestion, saliva produced from salivary glands, enzymes promote food breakdown.
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what is the absorption mechanisms involved with digestion?
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passive diffusion- nutrients simply pass through the enterocytes and into the blood stream without energy. Facilitated diffusion- req a carrier protein. active transport- req energy and a protein carrier to transport nutrients. Endocytosis- active transport by which a small amount of intestinal content is engulfed by the cell membrane into the cell.
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what is digestion efficiency?
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97-99% of dietary starches and sugars.
95% of animal proteins. 87% of plant proteins. 95-97 % of dietary fat |
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what are digestive disorders?
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belching, flatulence, heartburn or gerd,
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where are the sites where carbohydrates are digested?
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the main site of carbohydrate digestion is the small intestine.
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What organs are involved in carbohydrate digestion?
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small intestine
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what enzymes/secretions are involved in carbohydrate digestion?
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lingual lipase are involved in the digestion of carbohydrate because it helps in the break down before it gets to the small intestine
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whats the final fate of carbohydrates after digestion?
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.
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Where are the sites of lipid digestion?
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the duodenum
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What organs are involved in lipid digestion?
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what enzymes/secretions are involved in lipid absorption and transport?
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what are the functions of lipids?
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Energy storage, mobilization, and utilization
protection of organs insulation Storage of vitamins-ADEK Hormone production |
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where are the sites of protein digestion?
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.
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what organs are involved in protein digestion?
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.
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what enzymes/secretions are involved in protein digestion?
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what is amino acid absorption?
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.
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what is protein turnover and synthesis?
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protein turnover- when older proteins are broken down in the body. protein synthesis- process in which cells build proteins.
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what are protein functions?
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primary source of nitrogen in our diet, building blocks of life, builds and repairs tissues.
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what is blood glucose regulation?
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process by which the levels of blood sugar, primarily glucose, are maintained by the body.
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what hormones are involved in blood glucose regulation?
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growth hormone, glucagon, insulin
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what are the types and characteristics of diabetes?
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type 1-patients dont produce enough insulin, requires insulin injection, once known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes.
type 2- most have this, body cells become more resistant, or less responsive to insulin, causes are genetics, obesity, physical activity (treat with weight loss diet) |
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what is the diagnosis creiteria for diabietes?
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.
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what are the symptoms of diabetes?
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excessive urination, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, unusual weight loss, increased fatigue, irritability, blurry vision.
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what are the complications of diabetes?
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cardiovascular disease, is 80% of diabetic deaths.
High blood glucose -> vascular damage -> buildup of lipids in blood vessels -> atherosclerosis |
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what is hypoglycemia?
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low glucose levels in blood.
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what is prevention and a treatment for hypoglycemia?
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regular, balanced meals that minimize the glycemic response; must be high in fiber
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what is cardiovascular diesease?
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-dysfunctino of the heart or blood vessels.
-results in heart attack or stroke -#1 cause of death in the us - dietary fat quality can contribute to or protect against cardiovascular disease. |
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what are the risk factors of cardiovascular diesease?
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-being over weight
-physical activity -smoking -high blood pressure -diabetes -family history -elevated LDL cholesterol -Low HDL cholesterol |
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what are lipoproteins? ( classes and composition)
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lipoproteins are three dimensional aggregates of lipids and protein. involved in transport of lipids through the circulation. classes are 1. Chylomicron (formed in intestine) 2. VLDL (formed in liver and some intestine) 3. LDL (formed in blood circulation, ATHEROGENIC) 4. HDL (made in the liver and small intestine, returns cholesterol from tissues to liver, ANTIANTHEROGENIC)
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what is optimal lipid concentration?
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what are diets and CVD?
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what is energy malnutrion of protein?
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A disorder caused by inadequate intake of protein and energy
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what is phenylketonuria?
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disorder diagnosed after birth which a person has inability to break down phenylalanine
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what is sickle cell anemia?
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genetic disease which blood flow to major organs can be interrupted, causing severe pain and damage
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