Nutrition

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Nutrition

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All the processes (ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism, and elimination) involved in consuming and using food for energy, maintenance, and growth.

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Ingestion

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Taking food into the digestive tract, generally through the mouth. In special circumstances, occurs directly into the stomach through a feeding tube.

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Digestion

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The mechanical and chemical processes that convert nutrients into a physically absorbable state.

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Mechanical Digestion

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Mechanical digestion includes chewing (mastication) and deglutition (swallowing food), the peristaltic waves and mucus secretions that move the food down the esophagus.

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Chemical Digestion

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The process whereby enzymes, gastic and intestinal juices, bile, and pancreatic juices change food into the individual nutrients that can be used by the body.

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Peristalsis

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Rhythmic, coordinated, serial contractions of the smooth muscles of the GI tract.

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Chyme

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an acidic, semifluid paste

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Absorption

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The process whereby the end products of digestion (i.e., individual nutrients) pass through the epithelial membranes in the small and large intestines and into the blood.

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Metabolism

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The conversion of nutrients into energy by the body.

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Anabolism

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The constructive process of metabolism wherein new molecules are synthesized and new tissues are formed, as in growth and repair.

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Catabolism

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the destructive process of metabolism, wherein tirrues or substances are broken into their component parts - releases energy.

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Oxidation

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energy is produced through this process which is the chemical process of combining nutrients with oxygen.

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Metabolic rate

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the rate of energy utilization in the body - expressed in units called calories.

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Calorie

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One calories is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celcius.

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Kilocalories

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Kcal = 1000 calories

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Basal Metabolism

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the amount of energy needed to maintain essential physiologic functions when a person is at complete rest - the lowest level of energy expenditure. Most affected by body composition. T3 and T4 governs rate.

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Excretion

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the process of eliminating or removing waste products from the body.

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Nutrients

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The body must have 6 types of nutrients to function efficiently and effectively: water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

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Organic Nutrients

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Build and maintain body tissues and regulate body processes.

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Inorganic Nutrients

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Provide a medium for the body's chemical reactions, transport materials, maintain body temperature, promote bone formation, and conduct nerve impulses.

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Intake changes in one nutrient may lead to functional changes in another

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Iron is better absorbed when vitamin C is present and calcium absorption depends on the presence of vitamin D

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Water

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The most important nutrient - more vital than food. Virtually all body functions require water. A person may only live approx 10 days without water. 55-65% of an adult's weight is water, 70-75% of an infant's weight is water. Decreases with age.

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Intracellular Fluid

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ICF - fluid within the cells

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Extracellular Fluid

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ECF - fluid outside the cells, inclufing plasma fluid, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid (fluid in tissue spaces around each cell, and GI fluids

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1000 mL of water is needed to process _____

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every 1000 kcal eaten

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Functions of Water

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solvent, transporter, regulator of body temp, lubricant, component of all cells, hydrolysis

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Sources of Water

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- liquids consumed, including water, coffee, juice, tea, milk, and soft drinks
- foods consumed, especially vegetables and fruits
- metabolism, which produces water when oxidization occurs

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Water losses are classified as _____ or ______

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sensible, the person is aware of the loss - or - insensible, the person is not generally aware of the loss

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Four ways the body loses water

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Urine, Feces, Perspiration, Respiration

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Dehydration

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a deficiency of water

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Positive water balance

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an excessive accumulation of fluid in the body - when more water is taken in than is used and excreted - results in edema

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causes of positive water balance

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hypothyroidism, congestive heart failure, hypoproteinemia, some infections and cancers, and some renal conditions

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Carbohydrates

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made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - CHO - the chief source of energy for all body functions - the major food source b/c they are the least expensive and most abundant

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Daily requirements of carbs

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up to 50-60% an individual's kcal - about 250 g/day.

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functions of carbs

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the primary source of energy for the body - needed to oxidize fats completely and for synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids.