Nutrition 2011 Small Animal

Front 1

What are the 5 categories that feeds/ingredients are broken into?

Back 1

1. Forages
2. Concentrates (grains)
3. Supplements
4. Meat and by-products
5. Additives

Front 2

Why is the concept of dry matter and dry matter intake used?

Back 2

Within limits animals can get rid of excess dietary water

Front 3

What ultimately determines the amount of food an animal can eat?

Back 3

The dry material that must be processed through the GI tract

Front 4

How much dry matter do most birds and mammals eat per day?

Back 4

Somewhere between 1-4% of their weight in dry matter

Front 5

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

Back 5

1. Vitamins
2. Minerals
3. Water
(1-3 are non-energy producing)

4. Proteins
5. Carbohydrates
6. Fats
(4-6 are energy producing)

Front 6

What is the most important nutrient?

Back 6

Water!

Front 7

What are the 3 sources of water for animals?

Back 7

1. Oral
2. Parenteral
3. Involuntary intake (from food or metabolism)

Front 8

How is water quality assessed?

Back 8

Based on coliform counts and content of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) which refers to all dissolved substances

Front 9

What is a calorie?

Back 9

The amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water from 16.5 to 17.5'C

1c=4.184 joules

Front 10

What is ratio betwen a calorie, kilocalorie, and megacalorie?

Back 10

Kcal= 1,000 cal

Mcal=1,000 Kcal = 1,000,000 calories

Front 11

How is the total energy available in food determined?

Back 11

When a food sample is burned the amount of heat produced (energy) is measured.

** This heat measurement represents the "Gross Energy" content of the food.

Front 12

Where is some energy lost after consumption?

Back 12

Feces and urine

Front 13

What is metabolizable energy?

Back 13

The remaining biologically utilizable energy that was not lost in feces or urine

Front 14

What is a nutrient?

Back 14

Any food constituent that helps support life

Front 15

What are the 3 essential non-energy producing nutrients?

Back 15

1. Vitamins
2. Minerals
3. Water

Front 16

What are the 3 essential energy producing nutrients?

Back 16

1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats

Front 17

Why is protein required in the diet?

Back 17

To increase or replace body proteins, nitrogenous components, and energy.

Front 18

How much energy is produced from one gram of protein?

Back 18

3.5-4 Kcal

Front 19

The amount of protein needed in the diet is dependent on what 3 things.

Back 19

1. Age
2. Species
3. Quality of protein

Front 20

What is most frequently used to estimate the protein content of food?

Back 20

Crude Protein (CP)

Front 21

How is crude protein measured?

Back 21

* Kjeldahl procedure

** Amonia is what is actually measured and then is multiplied by a factor to scale the measurement up to an amount of protein

Front 22

Cats or dogs-which require more protein?

Back 22

Cats

Front 23

Adults or young-which require more protein?

Back 23

Young

Front 24

How is water quality assessed?

Back 24

Based on coliform counts and content of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) which refers to all dissolved substances

Front 25

What is a calorie?

Back 25

The amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water from 16.5 to 17.5'C

1c=4.184 joules

Front 26

What is ratio betwen a calorie, kilocalorie, and megacalorie?

Back 26

Kcal= 1,000 cal

Mcal=1,000 Kcal = 1,000,000 calories

Front 27

How many amino acids are combined to make proteins in small animals?

Back 27

23

Front 28

What are essential amino acids (EAA)? How many do dogs/cats require?

Back 28

* Amino acids that must be supplied in the diet in order for the animal to make proteins

* Dogs require 10 EAA
* Cats require 11 EAA (Taurine is the extra EAA)

Front 29

What are nonessential dispensable) amino acids?

Back 29

Amino acids which do not need to be supplied in the diet

Front 30

What amino acid is the most limiting amino acid when balancing grain-forage diets for amino acid content?

Back 30

* Lysine

*It is least in concentration relative to the animal's requirement

Front 31

How is the quality of a nutrient established?

Back 31

*By its Biological Value BV)

*It is the relationship of the nutrient digested, absorbed, and retained to the amount digested.

Front 32

What is the biological value of a protein based on?

Back 32

Its essential amino acid content

Front 33

Why do cats need more protein than dogs?

Back 33

* Cats always use a given amount of protein for energy

* The liver enzymes in dogs adapt to the amount of protein consumed. This allows dogs to better conserve nitrogen when fed a low-protein food and excrete nitrogen when fed a high-protein food. Cats do not have this metabolic flexibility

Front 34

What is the principle amino acid in plasma and muscle?

Back 34

Glutamine

Front 35

Why is glutamine considered an essential amino acid?

Back 35

It can be synthesized in adequate quantities by normal animals, but not during times of stress so is conditionally essential

Front 36

How is glutamine potentially toxic to cats?

Back 36

Acid hydrolysis converts glutamine to glutamate which is not well metabolized by cats

Front 37

What happens to free glutamine in the stomach?

Back 37

It may be labile in the stomach

Front 38

What is the primary importance for argine (EAA) in dogs and cats?

Back 38

Prevention of hyperammonemia

Front 39

What essential amino acid is a major substrate for gluconeogenesis in stressed dogs?

Back 39

Glutamine

Front 40

What is TVP?

Back 40

Texturized Vegetable Protein

** A soy product with the texture of meat, which is produced by the extrusion of soy flour without separating of carbs and proteins.

Front 41

What % of carbs and proteins are found in TVP?

Back 41

50% Proteins

30% Carbs

Front 42

Why is TVP widely used in the pet food industry?

Back 42

* Holds up during canning process

"lumps of meat" seen in canned food

Front 43

What is the optimum inclusion of TVP?

Back 43

15-20%

Front 44

Can dogs and cats utilize plant protein even though they are carnivores?

Back 44

* Plant proteins are well digested by dogs and cats

* Soy protein is almost as digestible as beef and the major competitors for soy protein in pet food are also vegetable proteins (corn & wheat gluten)

Front 45

What is the limiting amino acid in soy?

Back 45

Methionine

Front 46

Know the amount of dry matter an adult animal at maintenance can reasonably be expected to consume as a percentage of body weight and be able to calculate the amount given the animals weight.

Back 46

* Most birds and mammals eat somewhere between 1% and 4% of their body weight in dry matter per day depending on their physiological status and their normal feeding patterns.

* For normal maintenance adults, 2% of body weight per day in dry matter is a reasonable starting point for estimating the amount of food the animal needs. This proportion of body weight can vary from 1.0% to 2.5% for maintenance of adult animals.

Front 47

Know the five general categories of feed ingredients.

Back 47

* Forages
* Concentrates
* Supplements
* Meat and Meat By-products
* Additives

Front 48

Know what criteria are used to assess water quality.

Back 48

* Water quality is assessed based on coliform counts and content of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) which refers to all dissolved substances.

* TDS is not equivalent to hardness, which is calcium and magnesium content of water.

Front 49

Know the five terms used to describe dietary energy and their relative ranking to one another.

Back 49

1. Gross Energy (GE)
2. Digestible Energy (DE)
3. Metabolizable Energy (ME)
4. Net Energy (NE)
5. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Front 50

What is gross energy (GE)?

Back 50

total energy availability in a food determined by complete burning of the sample in a bomb calorimeter and measuring the heat produced.

Front 51

What is Metabolizable Energy?

Back 51

The remaining biologically utilizable energy after some is lost in the feces and urine.

Front 52

What can Net Energy be broken into?

Back 52

NE maintenance (NEm) and NE production (NEp)

Front 53

What are Total Digestible Nutrients?

Back 53

* Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) – term used to express energy content of large animal feedstuffs

TDN = %digestible protein + %digestible carbohydrates + 2.25 X %digestible fat

Front 54

What is the advantage of using TDN?

Back 54

The advantage of using TDN is that it expresses energy content as a percentage of the total feed similar to expression of other macro-nutrients.

Front 55

What is the disadvantage of using TDN?

Back 55

The disadvantages to TDN are that it does not take into account any losses from urine, combustible gases or heat increments. These losses can be quite significant for forages relative to concentrates.

Front 56

Know what component of protein is actually measured to estimate protein content of a feed.

Back 56

* Crude protein (CP) is the most frequently used estimate for protein content of foods.

* Crude protein is determined by a method called the Kjeldahl procedure (Ammonia is the chemical compound that is actually measured)

Front 57

Know which amino acid is usually the limiting amino acid in herbivorous diets.

Back 57

Lysine

Front 58

Be able to define what is meant when a nutrient is stated to be the most limiting nutrient.

Back 58

The limiting nutrient is the one among all nutrients being considered that is present in the least concentration relative to the animal’s requirements

* Thus causes the largest quantity of feed to be used to meet the requirement for that nutrient, as well as, the requirements for all other nutrients.

Front 59

Know which fatty acids are essential dogs and cats.

Back 59

* Linoleic Acid
* Arachidonic Acid
* Eicosapentanoic Acid
* Docosahexanoic Acid (inability to synthesize it in sufficient quantities to meet its metabolic needs)

Front 60

Know which fatty acids are conditionally essential in dogs and cats.

Back 60

* Linoleic Acid,
* alpha-Linolenic Acid

(under some conditions or life stages, there may not be adequate conversion of the precursor 18 carbon acids making them conditionally essential)

Front 61

Know what structurally constitutes an essential fatty acid.

Back 61

* It must contain at least two double bonds, the location of which must be in what is know as a methylene interrupted cis, cis-configuration.

* This precise molecular configuration enables the particular fatty acid to fold upon itself three dimensionally so that it can participate in cell membrane and physiologic events important for normal health.

Front 62

What is a facilitative fat?

Back 62

A fat that has one or more of the following properties:

1. Adds palatability and acceptable texture to food

2. Is a dense source of dietary calories and energy

3. Promotes the absorption of fat soluble vitamins

4. Can be present in reasonably large amounts in dog and cat diets

Front 63

What is a functional fat?

Back 63

* A fat that Is usually, but not always, an essential fatty acid or is derived from an essential fatty acid

* Participates in either an important structural and/or functional cellular process OR

* Is converted to an important derivative that regulates cell function.

Front 64

Know the plasma lipoprotein classes and their physical characteristics.

Back 64

1. Chylomicrons: the largest and least dense and contain the most triglyceride

2. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL): the next least dense and also contain large amounts of triglyceride

3. Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

4. High density lipoproteins (HDL): are the smallest.

Front 65

Know which nutrient supplies most of the calories in diets of most animals.

Back 65

In dry-type foods, carbohydrates supply the largest proportion of energy. Although carbohydrates provide the bulk of energy for most species, fat plays a more substantial role in carnivores such as the dog and cat.

Front 66

Know what is meant by the term fiber

Back 66

Fiber is an inclusive term for many different beta-linked carbohydrates that are not digestible by mammalian gastrointestinal enzymes (alpha-types are mostly digestible).

* Fiber is not classified as essential for non-herbivores, but is essential for maintaining normal gastrointestinal function in ruminants and hindgut fermenters.

Front 67

What is solube fiber?

Back 67

Fiber source that would readily dissolve in water; undergoes active metabolic processing via fermentation that yields end-products with broad, significant health effects.

Front 68

What is insolube fiber?

Back 68

Lack of solubility in water, but with passive water-attracting properties that help increase bulk, soften stools, and shorten transit time through the intestinal tract.

Front 69

What are fermentable fibers?

Back 69

* Fermentable fibers yield important short-chain fatty acids, which promote water and electrolyte absorption in the large intestine.

* They also affect blood glucose and lipid levels, improve the colonic environment, and may regulate immune responses.

Front 70

Know the seven required macrominerals

Back 70

1. Calcium (Ca)
2. Phosphorus (P)
3. Sodium (Na)
4. Potassium (K)
5. Chloride (Cl)
6. Magnesium (Mg)
7. Sulfur (S)

Front 71

Know the seven required microminerals

Back 71

1. Iron (Fe)
2. Copper (Cu)
3. Zinc (Zn)
4. Manganese (Mn)
5. Iodide (I)
6. Selenium (Se)
7. Cobalt (Co)

Front 72

Know which vitamins by letter name are fat soluble and which are water soluble.

Back 72

* Fat Soluble – vitamins A, D, E, and K

* Water Soluble – vitamins C and B-complex vitamins (1, 2, 3, 6, and 12)