Nutrition

Front 1

Which nutrients supply energy?

Back 1

Carbs, protein and lipids (fats)

Front 2

Which nutrients are needed to regulate body processes?

Back 2

vitamins, minerals and water

Front 3

Carbs and protein supply how many calories?

Back 3

4

Front 4

Fats supply how many calories?

Back 4

9

Front 5

Basal metabolism

Back 5

Energy required to carry on the invol. activities of the body at rest; the energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues and to maintain body processes.

Front 6

How to calculate basal metabolic rate for men and women

Back 6

men 1 calories/kg of body wt per hour. women .9 cal/kg per hour.

Front 7

What increases BMR?

Back 7

growth, infection, fever,emotional tension or stress, extreme environment temperatures, elevated epinephrine and thyroid hormones.

Front 8

What decreases BMR?

Back 8

aging, prolonged fasting and sleep.

Front 9

calculate ideal body wt

Back 9

female= 100 pound for 5 foot, plus 5 pd for each inch. males= 106 for 5 ft and 6 pounds for each inch

Front 10

BMI

Back 10

kg/ meters squared pounds/ inches squared x 703

Front 11

underwt?

Back 11

below 18.5

Front 12

overwt?

Back 12

25 to 29.9

Front 13

obese

Back 13

30 greater

Front 14

extreme obesity

Back 14

40 greater

Front 15

carbs

Back 15

sugars starches , organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. serve as structural framework of plants. Only animal source of cab is lactose or "milk sugar"

Front 16

glycogenesis

Back 16

if muscle or liver glycogen stores are deficient, glucose is convered to glycogen and stored.

Front 17

glycogenolysis

Back 17

glycogen is broken down in time of need to supply a ready source of glucose.

Front 18

how to prevent ketosis

Back 18

at least 50 to 100 g of carbs are needed daily to prevent ketosis (abnormal accumulate of ketone bodies that is freq assoc with acidosis.

Front 19

RDA carbs

Back 19

45 to 65% of total calories, in the form of complex carbs.

Front 20

RDA protein

Back 20

10 to 20% of total caloric intake

Front 21

triglyceridesdis

Back 21

95% of lipids; predominant form of fat in food and major storage form of fat in the body.

Front 22

remaining 5% of lipids

Back 22

compound (phosphoipids, lipid + another substance) derived lipids (cholesterol)

Front 23

saturated fats

Back 23

contain more hydrogen. animal fats, solid consistency @ room temp. raise serum cholesterol levels.

Front 24

unsat fats

Back 24

veg fats, liquid @ room temp, referred as oils, lower serum cholesterol levels.

Front 25

trans fat

Back 25

when manuf partially hydogenate liquid oilds, become more solid and stable. raises serum cholesterol.

Front 26

cholesterol

Back 26

fatlike substance found only in animal products. NOT essential nutrient, body makes plenty. imp for cell membranes, abundant in brain and nerve cells. syn bile acids and precursor of steroid H and vit. D. high level raises risk of artherosclerosis.

Front 27

fiber intake does what?

Back 27

increases fecal excretion of cholesterol.

Front 28

Fat is

Back 28

most conc source of energy in the diet. 9 cal/gram. high satiety value b/c delays gastric emptying time. aids in absorp of fat sol vitamins A D E K

Front 29

vitamins

Back 29

organic compound sneeded in small amounts; active in the form of coenzymes, facilitate chemical reactions in body.

Front 30

B-complex (water sol)

Back 30

ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin pantothetnic acid, folate and cobalamin.

Front 31

water sol

Back 31

not stored in body, excess excreted via urine. not likely to become toxic, but megadoses can be harmful. absorbed thru intestinal wall directly into bloodstream

Front 32

excessive intake

Back 32

of vit A and D is toxic.

Front 33

minerals

Back 33

inorganic found in all body fluids and tissues in the form of salts (nacl) or combines with organic compounds (iron in hemoglobin)

Front 34

macromineral

Back 34

calcium, phosphorus, sulfar, sodium, chloride, potassium and magnesium

Front 35

microminerals

Back 35

trace elements <100, iron, zinc, manganese, chromium, copper, molybdenum, selenium, fluoride and iodine. alos, arsenic, boron, nickel silicon, cobal and vandium (no est. rda for these)

Front 36

ultratrace/

Back 36

mcg. aluminum, lithium, nickel, silicon, tin and vandium. very low qualities and essentiality in uncertain.

Front 37

obesity

Back 37

being 20% above ideal weight.

Front 38

when birth wt. doubles

Back 38

in 4 to 6 months

Front 39

when birth wt. triples

Back 39

by age 1.

Front 40

when solid foods are introduced

Back 40

4-6 months of age, introduce new foods one at a time for a period of 5 to 7 days.

Front 41

loss of sweet and salty tase

Back 41

between 55 and 59 yo

Front 42

alcohol abuse increases need for what?

Back 42

Need for vitamin B, used to metabolize alcohol. alcy impairs nutrient storage, increasing nutrient catabolism and increasing nutrient excretion.

Front 43

ways that nutrient metabolism can be altered by drugs

Back 43

Change ph of GI tract; increase GI motility; damage intestinal mucosa; bind with nutrients making them unusable

Front 44

morons do not eat/use

Back 44

coffee, tea, alcohol and limit meat consumption

Front 45

hindus do not eat

Back 45

beef, b/c cows are sacred

Front 46

kosher

Back 46

special meal prep, no intake of pork and shellfish

Front 47

DETERMINE

Back 47

screen for warning signs of poor nutrition. Disease, Eating poorly, Tooth loss/mouth pain, Economic hardship, Reduced social contact, Multiple meds, Invol. weight loss/gain,Needs assistance, Elder above 80yo

Front 48

24 hour food recall

Back 48

relies on memory and may not be reliable information

Front 49

food diary/calorie count

Back 49

specified period, usually 3 to 7 days

Front 50

diet hx

Back 50

24 hr recall+ food diary + food freq+ interview questions

Front 51

triceps skin-fold

Back 51

measure of subcutaneous fat

Front 52

midarm circumference

Back 52

measure of skeletal muscle

Front 53

midarm muscle circum

Back 53

measure of both skeletal muscle mass and fat stores

Front 54

how to measure protein status

Back 54

measuring serum albumin and transferrin and by a total lymphocyte count.

Front 55

serum albumin

Back 55

good indicator of a pt nutritional status a few weeks prior to when the bloood is drawn and can help i.d. chronic nutrition problems. overhydration = low level. dehydration very high level.

Front 56

prealbumin levles

Back 56

indicate ST nutritional status and used to detect daily changes in a pts protein status. decreased =protein depletion, malnutrition. normal is 23-43

Front 57

clear liq

Back 57

clear @ room or body temp- gleatin, broth, bouillion, ice pops, clear juices, carb bev. reg/decaff coffee and tea

Front 58

full liq

Back 58

milk/milk drinks, puddings, custards, plain frozen desserts, past. eggs, cereal gruels, veg juices.

Front 59

soft

Back 59

NO high fiber/fat and highly seasonsed. bland or low-fiber diet.No gas forming foods, i.e. cabbage/brocolli. No coarse breads/cereals. may be used LT, adequate in calories/nutrients used after surgery or with gi distress, trans between liquid and reg. diet.

Front 60

mech. soft

Back 60

limited chewing ability. chopped, mashed and pureed. NO raw fruits/veg. No seeds nuts or dried fruit. reg. diet with mod for texture. after neck/head/mouth surgery.

Front 61

ST nutritional support

Back 61

NG, NI tube. less than 6 weeks.

Front 62

LT nutritional support

Back 62

PEG tube, LPGD (active, children)

Front 63

dumping syndrome

Back 63

overdistention of the SI, causes distention, N/V/D cramping and lightheadedness., caused by intermittient or bolus feedings.

Front 64

hydrolyzed formulas

Back 64

contain proteins and other nutrients in simple forms that require little or no digestion, used in pts with impaired digestion or absorption.

Front 65

tpn

Back 65

highly conc, hypertonic nutrient solution, provides calories, restores nitrogen balance and replaces essential fluids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals and trace elements.

Front 66

PPN

Back 66

less conc nutrient solution sometimes rxd for pts who are able to take oral feedings but not enough to meet nutritional levels. thru a periperal vein, they cant tolerate highly conc sol, so PPN isn't as nutrient dense as tpn. PPN isotonic. low conc of dextrose and and amino acids. fewer calories and supplement a pts inadequate oral intake. 10% glucose.

Front 67

TPN

Back 67

hypertonic, proteins, carbs and fats, electrolytes, vitamins and trace elements, do not stop suddently. 25% gluclosed. monitor bgls.

Front 68

if stop parenteral nutrition

Back 68

admins a 5 or 10% dextrose sol to prevent hypoglycemia.

Front 69

carbs

Back 69

provide energy, spare protein and prevent ketosis

Front 70

cellulse/ water-insoluble fibers

Back 70

whole wheat, veg/fruit skins, cabbage, peas, green beans, brocolli, peppers carrots. absorb water to increase fecal bulk; decrease intestinal transit time; nondigestable and are excreted, help relieve constipation, excess can cause gas, distention and diarrhea.

Front 71

water soluble fibers

Back 71

oat bran and oatmeal, begs, prunes, pears apples, ban, oranges, slow gastric emptying, lower serum cholesterol, delay glucose absorption, help improve glucose tolerance in diabetics.

Front 72

Fat

Back 72

nuts, whole milk and milk produces, butter, oils, salad dressings, high fat meats, provide energy, structure. Reduce to 30% or less of total calories.

Front 73

Vitamin K

Back 73

dark, green leafy vegs. nec for blood clotting, def causes hemorrhagic disease of newborn, delayed blood clotting. excess cause hemolytic anemia and liver damage with synthetic vitamin K.

Front 74

Vitamin D

Back 74

sunlight, milk, fish liver oils, helps metab calcium and phosphorus, stim calcium absorption, def causes rickets, retarded bone growth and malformation. excess causes renal calculi, n, headache, exc calc of bones.

Front 75

B12

Back 75

organ meats and seafood. nec for protein metab and formation of heme portion of hemoglobin. def causes pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor)

Front 76

B6

Back 76

pyridoxine, yeast, ban, cantaloupe, brocolli spinach. coenzyme in protein, fat, carb metabolism. def causes microcytic anemia, cns problems, excess causes difficulty walking, numbness of hands and feet.

Front 77

vit E

Back 77

veg oils, wheat germa nd whole grain products. antioxidant protects vit a, heme synthes. def causes increased rbc hemolysis and macrocytic anemia in premature infants, excess causes fatigue, diarrhea and enhance action of anticoagulant meds.

Front 78

vit A

Back 78

liver, carrots, egg yolk, fortified milk, visual acuity in dim light, form skin and mucous membranes, immune function. def causes night blindness, rough skin and no bone growth. excess causes anorexia, loss of hair, dry skin, bone pain, vomiting, birth defects.

Front 79

albumin does what with age?

Back 79

declines with age.

Front 80

hemoglobin does what with age?

Back 80

part of aging process, declines.

Front 81

For healthy CNS

Back 81

B-complex vitamins, thiamin, niacin, B6 and B12.

Front 82

For healthy bones

Back 82

Vit D, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

Front 83

Need ? g of fiber...

Back 83

25 for women, 38 for men