Nutrition

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Amino acid:

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The simplest form of protein.

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Basal metabolic rate (BMR):

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is the energy needed to maintain life-sustaining activities (breathing, circulation, heart rate, and temperature) for a specific period of time at rest.

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Carbohydrates:

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are the main source of energy in the diet. Each gram of carbohydrate produces 4 kcal and serves as the main source of fuel (glucose) for the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte and leukocyte production, and cell function of the renal medulla. People obtain carbohydrates primarily from plant foods, except for lactose (milk sugar).

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Dispensable amino acids:

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The body synthesizes dispensable amino acids. Examples of amino acids synthesized in the body are alanine, asparagine, and glutamic acid.

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Fiber:

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has received attention as a dietary factor in disease prevention and treatment and prevention of diarrhea in tube-fed clients. Insoluble fibers are not digestible and include cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Soluble fibers include pectin, guar gum, and mucilage

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Simple carbohydrates:

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found primarily in sugars. Both monosaccharides and disaccharides are classified as simple carbohydrates.

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Resting energy expenditure (REE):

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or resting metabolic rate, is the amount of energy an individual needs to consume over a 24-hour period for the body to maintain all its internal working activities while at rest.

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Nutrients:

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are the elements necessary for body processes and function

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Nutrient density:

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the proportion of essential nutrients to the number of kilocalories.

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Nitrogen balance:

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is achieved when the intake and output of nitrogen are equal.

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Indispensable amino acids:

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The body does not synthesize indispensable amino acids. Examples of indispensable amino acids are histidine, lysine, and phenylalanine. These need to be provided in the diet.

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Fat-soluble vitamins:

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(A, D, E, and K) are stored in the fatty compartments of the body.

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Fatty acids:

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are composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain and a methyl group at the other.

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Hypervitaminosis:

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of fat-soluble vitamins results from megadoses (intentional or unintentional) of supplemental vitamins, excessive amounts in fortified food, and large intake of fish oils.

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Lipids:

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are the most calorie-dense nutrient, providing 9 kcal/g. Fats are composed of triglycerides and fatty acids

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Monounsaturated (fatty acids):

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fatty acids have one double bond

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Polyunsaturated (fatty acids):

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have two or more double carbon bonds.

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Saturated (fatty acids):

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Fatty acids can be saturated, in which each carbon in the chain has two attached hydrogen atoms.

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Triglycerides:

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circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

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Unsaturated (fatty acids):

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an unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond

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Vitamins:

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organic substances present in small amounts in foods that are essential to normal metabolism

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Enzymes:

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proteinlike substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

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Macrominerals:

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Minerals are classified as macrominerals when the daily requirement is 100 mg or more.

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Minerals:

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are inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

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Trace element:

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another name for microminerals; classified when less than 100 mg of a mineral is needed daily.

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Chyme:

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food in an acidic, liquefied mass

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Peristalsis:

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wavelike muscular contractions

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Water-soluble vitamins:

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are vitamin C and the B complex (which is eight vitamins). The body does not store water-soluble vitamins, so these need to be provided in the daily food intake. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed easily from the gastrointestinal tract. Although water-soluble vitamins are not stored, toxicity can still occur.

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Metabolism:

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refers to all the biochemical reactions within the cells of the body. Metabolic processes are anabolic (building) or catabolic (breaking down).

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Catabolism:

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is the breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances and occurs during physiological states of negative nitrogen balance. Starvation is an example of catabolism, when wasting of body tissues occurs.

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Active transport

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An energy-dependent process whereby particles move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. A special “carrier” is needed to move the particle across the cell membrane.

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Passive diffusion

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The force by which particles move outward from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration. The particles do not need a special “carrier” to move outward in all directions.

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Osmosis

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Movement of water through a membrane that separates solutions of different concentrations. Water moves to equalize the concentration pressures on both sides of the membrane.

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Pinocytosis

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Engulfing of large molecules of nutrients by the absorbing cell when the molecule attaches to the absorbing cell membrane.

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Gluconeogenesis:

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Catabolism of amino acids and glycerol into glucose for energy.

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Glycogenolysis:

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Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Glycogenesis:

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Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage.

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Anabolism:

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is the building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients. Anabolism occurs when an individual adds lean muscle through diet and exercise. Amino acids are anabolized into tissues, hormones, and enzymes. Normal metabolism and anabolism are physiologically possible when the body is in positive nitrogen balance.

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Dietary reference intakes (DRIs):

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The DRIs present evidence-based criteria for an acceptable range of amounts of vitamins and nutrients to avoid deficiencies or toxicities for each gender and age-group

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Ketones:

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All body cells except red blood cells and neurons oxidize fatty acids into ketones for energy when dietary carbohydrates (glucose) are not adequate.

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Body mass index (BMI):

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measures weight corrected for height and serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships.

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Dysphagia:

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refers to difficulty when swallowing.

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Enteral nutrition (EN):

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nutrients given in the GI tract

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Ideal body weight (IBW):

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provides an estimate of what a person should weigh

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Medical nutrition therapy (MNT):

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uses nutritional therapy and counseling to manage diseases;is the use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition.

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Anthropometry:

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is a measurement system of the size and makeup of the body

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Lipid emulsions:

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provide supplemental kilocalories and prevent essential fatty acid deficiencies. Administer these emulsions through a separate peripheral line, through the central line by Y-connector tubing or as an admixture to the PN solution.

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Parenteral nutrition (PN):

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is a form of specialized nutrition support in which nutrients are provided intravenously

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Vegetarianism:

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is the consumption of a diet consisting predominantly of plant foods.