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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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9 Major Use of Fats |
1-energy 9 Cal/g during light-mod activity 2-energy storage (subcutaneous fat) 3- Protection padding/space filling/insulation 4-structure of cell membranes 5-body temperature 6-precursor of hormones 7-regulate stomach emptying 8-Palatability & Satiety (fat soluble flavours) 9-nutrient transport & Absorption |
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What is Beta Oxidation? |
free fatty acids are beta-oxidized producing Acetyl-CoA -limited by amino acid l-carnitine step |
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Which areas of the body cannot use fats for fuel? |
brain RBC skin renal medulla |
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What is the storage form of fat? |
Triacylglycerols/triglycerides |
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what cells can increase to 50x their weight? |
adipocytes |
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What is the name of the fat component of cell walls |
phospholipid bilayer -controls shape and permeability |
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What are some hormone precurors made from fats? |
steriods prostaglandins |
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what are a few examples of cholesterol homrones |
gluccocoricoids mineralocorticoids androgens estrogens progestogens |
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which reflex does fat in the stomach stimulate? |
Enterogastric reflex->keeps found in stomach longer, thus increasing digestion |
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What are some benifitets to diatery fats? |
depress gastric secretions slows gastric emptying stimulates biliary/pancreastic flow |
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What are the 3 classes of fats |
simple - fatty a, neutral fats, TG's, waxes compound-phospho/glyceropho, sphingi, lipoproteins Derived & Msc - eicosonoids, steriods, sterols, transfats, Vit A, D, E, K |
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What is the storage form of fats |
99% TG |
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What are the features of Fatty acids |
features: long hydrocarbon chain carboxylic acid group |
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Omega means what |
counting form the methyl end of the fatty acid for a position of a double bond. |
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Eicosapentanenoic acids always come form |
20 C fatty acids or arachidonic acid |
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What is a short chain fatty A |
<6 carbons ex butyric |
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What is butyrate? |
major metabolite in the colon lumen due to bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber *posses preventative & therapeutic potential for inflammation in colon source- milke butter |
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What is a medium chain fatty A |
8-12 C ex. caprylic or capric *do not require carnation shuttle source- coconut oil, milk, palm kernel oil |
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What is a good fat for someone with compromised digestion/absorption? |
medium/short chain fatty a -do not need carnitine shuttle -direct absoprtion "easy energy for colon" |
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what is a long chain fatty a |
14-27 C ex lauric, myristic, palmitic, arachidic *highly involved in synthesizing prostoglandins source-animal prodcuts |
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What is a saturated fat |
no double bonds non-essential solid at room temp CVD implications/inflammatory source-mostly animal products & coconut poil |
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What is an Unsaturated fat |
one + double bond always a cis form mono-non essential (olive oil, ago, almond) poly essential -reduce issues (walnut, seeds, fish, game meat) |
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Where can you find unsaturdated fats
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Nuts & Seeds -almond, flaxseeds,pecans,hazel nuts, pumpkin, walnut Grains, Legumes & Fruit -avacado, quinoa, olive, oats, rice, buckweat |
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What are essential Fatty acids |
Omega 3 & 6 not synthesized in body |
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Alpha-linolenic acid |
Omega 3 - EPA, DHA -flax, canola, hemp, walnut, pumpkin, soy, fish, algae |
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Linoleic acid |
Omega 6- GLA, DHGLA, Arachidonic acid -corn, sunflower, grains |
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What are the enzymes that can synthesis other molecules from essential fatty acids |
Desaturase & elongase enzymes (use same enzyme) delta-6-desaturase has a high affinity for omega 6 and will cancel out omega 3 |
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What is a Triglyceride |
over 95% of all fats in this form contain many types of fats glycerol side chain + up to 3 fatty acids |
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What is esterification |
process of putting fatty acids on a glycerol molecule -makes it safe for the transport of fats in body |
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Short & Medium TG's effects |
easily absorpbed not stored as adipose (oxidized instead) -numerous protective effects in colon |
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What are phospholipids |
TG's with modified phosphate group attached in 3rd position ex. choline, glycerol, serine, inositol ethanol amine cell membranes -usually 1 saturatued, 1 polyunsaturated |
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what are some functions of phospholipids |
1-tails for interactions for maintenance of optimal membrane fluidity 2-privide control of movement through 3-EFA's cleaved from the lipid bilayer 4-provide matrix for protein transporters |
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What is Lecithin |
aka phosphatidylcholine -primary component of bilayer structure & function -made in liver from arachidonic acid -emulsifies dietary fats (forms micelles) -forms lipoproteins sources-liver, egg yolk, peanuts, spinach |
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What is Glycosphingolipids / Glycolipids |
lipid esters attached to a sphingosine base -nervous system/plant membranes/yeast ex. myelin sheath & CNS protection glycolipids -cerebrosides, gangliosides brain and nervous tissue |
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what are lipoproteins |
lipids + proteins "transporter" allow for fats to move inside and outside of call |
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What are types of Lipoproteins |
chylomicrons VLDL IDL LDL HDL *more protein =more dense |
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What enzyme hydrolizes VLDLs? |
lipoprotein lipase VLDL-->IDL-->LDL |
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What does LDL do? |
transfers cholesterol and fat from liver to blood vessels and cells taken into cell by endocytosis |
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What does excess LDL lead to |
Atherogenic build up of plaque on artery walls and is prone to oxidation arteries become narrow lose elasticity leading to athlerosclerosis, coronary artery disease and Heart attack |
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What is Apolipoprotein? |
proteins responsible for binding lipids to form lipoproteins surface recgonition of lipoproteins **more related to Heart disease then LDL itself |
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What is an eicosanoid? |
singaling molecules made of oxidation of omega fatty acids act as localized hormones helps with infections and injury -clots, blood vessel size, inflammation |
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What are some examples of eicosanoids? |
prostaglandins (mediator of inflammation) thromboxanes (clot formation) Prostacylins- inhibit platelet / vasodilator Leukotrienes- heal wounds injuries |
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What is the function of Steroids/Sterols |
4 membered saturated rings |
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Examples of Steroid Derivatives |
glucocorticoids-cortisol
mineralcorticoids - aldosterone androgens - testosterone estrogen - testies & ovaries Bile acids - liver Vit D - subcutaneous fat |
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Which molecule competitively inhibits absorption of cholesterol |
Phytosterols found in plants |
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What are the functions of Cholesterol |
build and maintain cell membrane membrane permeability production of sex hormones aids in bile production insulates nerve fiber antioxidant |
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Can the body make its own cholesterol? |
Yes from acetyl coA if the body is low 80% is made in house |
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what are the 2 enzymes responsible for lipid digest?
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mouth- lingual lipase stomach - gastric lipase other- bile (emulsifies) pacreatic lipase |
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What hormones are associated with fat digestion? |
CCK & GIP/Somatosatin delay gastric emptying |
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What is the last form of fat is absorbed? |
micelles by brush border enzymes then cleaved to fatty acids & glycerols |
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What happens in the intestinal cell with lipids? |
reesterfy into TG's --> processed in ER form chymlomicrons in ER processed again in Golgi App then exocytosised out of cell into lymphatic vessels |
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What hormone controls fatty acid breakdown |
Hormone senstive lipase works in adipocytes lipoprotein lipase |
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What is Lipolysis |
Thyriod hormone increase fat mobilization Glucocoritcoids (ACTH & Cortisol) Ep/Nor Growth Hormone - |
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What is Lipogenesis |
Insulin - |
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What hormones do adipose itself secret |
leptin, adiponectin, resistin modify appetitie and influence energy metablosim |
