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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is essential?
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in reference to a nutrient, essential means that it is necessary for life and cannot be synthesized by the body
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what is a macronutrient?
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a nutrient needed in relatively large quantities. Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats make up macronutrients.
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what is a polymer?
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a molecule consisting of a repeating chain of one smaller molecule; ie) starch is a polymer of sugar
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what is a calorie?
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a unit of energy
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what is an enzyme?
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a protein that regulates body processes through its role in controlling chemical reactions.
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what is a micronutrient?
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a nutrient needed in relatively small quantities. Vitamins and minerals.
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what is organic?
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A chemical compound containing carbon
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what is inorganic?
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A substance that does not contain carbon.
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what is a phytochemical?
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a chemical produced by plants that has a physiologic effect on the human body and may help with disease prevention. Not essential.
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what is anecdotal?
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evidence of an individual nature, without rigorous examination
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what is a placebo?
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a drug or other substance with no inherent treatment value which affects in individual through the psychological power of their belief in its efficacy.
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what is a hypothesis?
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an untested working assumption that serves as the starting point of scientific investigation
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what is an experimental group?
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the group in an experiment that receives whatever treatment is being studied. Also called the treatment group.
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what is a control group?
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the group in an experiment receiving no treatment used as a comparison
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what is an outcome?
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the measure being studied in an experiment, such as incidence of colds or lung cancer, as a result of some exposure, such as vitamin C or smoking.
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what is exposure?
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the hypothetical cause of an outcome, as in lung cancer may result from exposure to tobacco smoke
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what is correlation?
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the relationship between two associated things. Fire and smoke. However, correlation alone does not prove cause and effect.
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what is a confounder?
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a factor associated with some outcome that confuses or confounds the determination of true cause and effect.
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what is double-blind?
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a study in which neither the researcher nor the study subject knows which treatment the subject is getting
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what is generalizability?
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the degree to which one finding can be assumed to apply to some other group or situation
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what is indigenous?
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having originated in a particular geographic area, as native people
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What is the USDA?
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part of the federal government that provides most nutritional advice and education
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what is adequacy?
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intake of a particular nutrient that ensures the highest level of physiological function
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what is deficiency?
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intake of a particular nutrient that is insufficient to ensure physiological function. Function declines.
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what is toxicity?
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intake of a particular nutrient beyond what is needed to meet physiological needs, and high enough to actually impair functioning
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what is normal distribution?
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most subjects clustered around a central area with fewer subjects laying on either side. Bell curve.
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what is EAR?
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Estimated Average Requirement: the mean of nutrient requirements in a population
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what is RDA?
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Recommended Dietary Allowance: a level of recommended intake set at two standard deviations; fits 97 percent of population.
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what is standard deviation?
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a statistical term relating the spread of values from the mean in a distribution. Tells how tightly grouped the distribution is.
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what is AI?
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Adequate Intake: a value similar to the RDA, but without as much scientific evidence behind it
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What is UL?
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Upper Limit: the maximum intake of a particular nutrient that is safely tolerated.
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What is pellagra?
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a disease caused by deficiency of niacin, a B vitamin
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what is nutrient density?
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relationship of nutrient content to energy content of a food. A high nutrient density food provides a large quantity of nutrients for the number of calories.
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what is FDA?
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Food and Drug Administration: part of the federal government that ensures safety of the food supply and regulates most food labeling
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what is DV?
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Daily Value: based on the highest RDA and a 2000 or 2500 kcal diet.
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what is proportionality?
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balance. the relative quantities of various food groups.
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what is saturated fat?
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a type of fat with particular chemical characteristics, generally found in animal products. Linked to heart disease.
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what is cholesterol?
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a type of lipid linked to heart disease.
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What is the name of the meat eating hunter-gatherers of the arctic?
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the Inuit or Eskimo
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Which group of Indians followed the buffalo herd?
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Plains Indians
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How many pounds of wild rice can be harvested per day during harvest?
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300
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what is food security?
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how reliable the food supply is
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what was the most important food to south american indians?
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amaranth (pigweed)
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how many varieties of potatoes are native to the peruvian andes?
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70+
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contrary to typical belief, rice is generally grown ---.
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upland
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what sprung the advancement of agriculture?
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the industrial revolution
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humans have the capacity to withstand periods of food ---.
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shortages
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humans have the ability to slow down their ---- as a solution to short term food shortages.
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metabolism
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how many hours a day on average did hunter-gatherers spend collecting food?
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3.2
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today's macronutrients have shifted from starch to --- and ---.
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sugars and fats
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food processing removes --- and replaces it with adding more sugar.
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fiber
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what type of diseases are considered to be diseases of poverty?
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infectious diseases; chlorea
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which type of diseases are considered to be diseases of affluence?
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chronic diseases; heart disease
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what is anecdotal evidence?
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one person's personal account
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what is a case study?
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anecdotal evidence
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what is an epidemiological study?
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an observational study which a population conducts on itself throughout its own natural course of life
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what are six reasons that clinical trials are difficult?
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1. ethical limits
2. approval processes 3. non-genetically uniform groups 4. placebo effect 5. take a long time 6. expensive |
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epidemiology is generalizable/controlable.
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generalizable
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what is DRI?
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Dietary Reference Intake
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How many minutes minimum are recommended to exercise on a daily basis?
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30 minutes
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what percent of carbohydrates should be whole grain?
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50
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what percent of food should be calories from fat? (range)
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20-35
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how much sodium should maximally be consumed on a daily basis?
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1 teaspoon
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what is motility?
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the process of moving food through the gut
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what is peristalsis?
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the rhythmic contraction of circular muscles surrounding the gut in such a way as to move food forward
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what is sementation?
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contraction of muscles surrounding the gut in such a way as to mix it with GI secretions
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what is chyme?
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the fluid mass of food in the intestinal lumen
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what is bolus?
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a mass of food in the gut
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what is the stomach?
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digestive organ that acts as a reservoir and slowly releases food into the small intestine for digestion
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what are sphincters?
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rings of muscles that act as valves, blocking or restricting flow
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what is the esophagus?
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the passage connecting the mouth and the stomach
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what is reflux?
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flow of stomach acid back into the esophagus, resulting in heartburn
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what is the pyloric sphincter?
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the valve controlling the flow of chyme form the stomach into the small intestine
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what is the ileocecal valve?
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valve seperating the ileum from the colon
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what is the rectum?
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final organ of the digestive track, acting as a reservoir before elimination
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what is secretion?
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synthesis and release of substances by cells in response to stimuli
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what does denature mean?
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to act on a protein in such a way as to change its chemical and physical properties, so that its configuration or shape is different
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what is protease?
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an enzyme responsible for protein digestion
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what is bile?
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a secretion of the liver, stored in the gall bladder that emulsifies dietary lipid
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what is an emulsifier?
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a substance that breaks fat droplets suspended in water-based medium into smaller particles while keeping them in suspension
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what is digestion?
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the chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods and complex nutrient molecules into simpler components
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what are peptides?
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short chains of amino acids; smaller than proteins
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what are triglycerides?
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primary form of lipid in the diet; formed of three fatty acids on a glycerol backbone
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what are monoglycerides?
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digested form of triglycerides . These and free fatty acids are formed from lipid digestion, composed of one fatty acid on a glycerol base
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what is churning?
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muscular contractions of the gut, particularly the stomach, that grind food and mix it with secretions
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what is absorption?
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movement of nutrients from the intestinal lumen into the mucosal cells
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what is lumen?
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interior of the gut
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what is mucosa?
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the cells of the gut lining
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what is passive diffusion?
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absorption of nutrients that does not require the input of energy, driven by a concentration gradient
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what is diffusion?
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a movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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what is a concentration gradient?
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a change in concentration of a substance over a distance
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what is facillitated diffusion?
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movement of molecules across a membrane in the direction of a concentration gradient, aided by proteins embedded in the membrane
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what is active transport?
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absorption of nutrients against a concentration gradient, requiring the input of energy
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what is endocytosis?
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absorption of large nutrient molecules involved in engulfing of the molecule by a portion of the cell membrane
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what are antibodies?
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a component of the immune system made from protein
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what is amylase?
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an enzyme responsible for starch (amylose) digestion
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what is lipase?
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the enzyme responsible for lipid digestion
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what is the small intestine?
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the digestive organ responsible for most chemical breakdown of foods and most absorption
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what is the duodenum?
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initial segment of the small intestine
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what is the jejunum?
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the middle segment of the small intestine
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what is the ileum?
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the terminal segment of the small intestine
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what are villi?
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microscopic fingers lining the surface of the intestinal lumen. Responsible for nutrient absorption and increased surface area
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what is the "brush border"?
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the intestinal villi
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what are microvilli?
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hair-like projections on the surface of the villi that increase surface area
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what is the large intestine?
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the digestive organ mostly responsible for water reabsorption from chyme
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what is the colon?
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the large intestine
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what is transit time?
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the amount of time food spends in passage through the gut
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what is photosynthesis?
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the chemical reaction in which plants capture the sun's energy and store it as carbohydrate
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what is carbohydrate?
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one of the macronutrients composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
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what is sugar?
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the simplest form of carbohydrate from which other carbohydrates are made
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what is starch?
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complex carbohydrate, assemble from chains of glucose. found in plants.
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what is fiber?
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a complex carbohydrate similar to starch, but not absorbed by humans because the chemical bond is different than in starch.
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what are simple sugars?
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the simplest carbohydrate, including both mono and disaccarides
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what is a monosaccharide?
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a simple sugar consisting of a single ring structure and six carbon atoms
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what is glucose?
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a monosaccaride with a six-sided ring structure
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what is fructose?
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a monosaccharide with a five-sided ring structure
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what is galactose?
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a monosaccharide with a six-sided ring structure similar to glucose
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what is lactose?
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a disaccharide occuring in milk products
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what is lactose intolerance?
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intestinal discomfort caused by inability to digest lactose
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what is a disaccharide?
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a simple sugar composed of two monosaccharides joined together
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what is sucrose?
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a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose
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what is maltose?
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a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules
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what is fermentation?
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a process by which micro-organisms, such as yeast or bacteria, convert sugars into alcohol or acid
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what is a complex carbohydrate?
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carbohydrates made of polymers of simple sugars. includes starch and fiber. known also as polysaccharides
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what is an oligosaccharide?
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carbohydrate made up of a few sugars joined together, fewer than found in starch
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what is a legume?
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a member of a botanical family capable of fixing nitrogen from the air. Characterized by high protein content, high fiber, high carbohydrate, and low fat.
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what is a polymer?
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a chemical compound formed from smaller, repeated units
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what is maltodextrin?
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short glucose polymer produced by the digestion of starch. used as a mild sweetener and carbohydrate source in sport drinks and other foods. also called DEXTRINS
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what is a polysaccharide?
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carbohydrates made up of polymerized simple sugars. includes starch and fiber. also known as carbohydrate
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what is amylose?
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common form of starch, with a relatively linear structure
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what is amylopectin?
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common form of starch, with relatively branched structure
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what is grain?
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seed with high carbs, substantial protein, and little fat
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what is glycogen?
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a complex carbohydrate, assembled from chains of glucose, and similar to starch.
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Where is glycogen found?
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liver and muscles
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what is cellulose?
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a fiber consisting of glucose polymers, indigestible to humans but digestible to ruminant animals
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what is ruminant?
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a member of the family including cattle, sheep, and goats with a digestive tract capable of breaking down cellulose
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what is an insoluable fiber?
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fiber that does not dissolve in water. Absorbs water, swells, and adds bulk to intestinal contents (trigging peristalsis)
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what is soluble fiber?
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fiber that dissolves in water, making intestinal contents more viscous.
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what is hemi-cellulose?
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an insoluble fiber similar to cellulose
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what is lignin?
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an insoluble fiber that is not a polysaccharide. found in the woody portion of plants
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what is pectin?
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a soluble fiber used to make jellie
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what is beta-glucan?
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a soluble fiber found in oats
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what are gums and mucilages?
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forms of soluble fiber
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what is an amino acid?
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the basic subunit of a protein
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what is adipose?
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the tissue that stores body fat
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what is lactase?
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enzyme that splits lactose
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what is amylase?
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enzyme that splits amylose and amylopectin
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what is mucosa?
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cells lining the intestinal tract and
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what is homeostasis?
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the tendency of living things to maintain a constant environment
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what is gluconeogenesis?
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the process by which the body forms glucose from amino acids
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what is glucagon
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the hormone which raises blood sugar by triggering glycogen breakdown and release by gluconeogenesis
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what is epinephrine?
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a hormone released in response to stress or perceived danger. RAISES BLOOD SUGAR
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what is hypoglycemia?
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low blood sugar
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what is post-prandial
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after a meal
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what is diabetes mellitus?
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disorder characterized by high blood sugar
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what is polyphagia?
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excessive hunger
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what is polydipsia?
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excessive thirst
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what is polyuria?
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excessive urination
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what is the glycemic effect?
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the ability of a carbohydrate containing food to raise blood sugar
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what is the glycemic index?
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a measure of glycemic effect
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what is nutrient density?
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a measure of the amount of nutrients found in a given number of calories of food
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what are caries?
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cavitities in teeth caused by acid produced from mouth bacteria
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what is peristalsis?
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the rhythmic contraction of bands of muscle ringing the digestive tract that moves food down the tract
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what is diverticular disease?
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outpouching of the intestine caused by high pressures due to a low fiber diet
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what is ketosis?
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an abnormally acidic state in the body caused by an accumulation of the breakdown products of fat utilitzation, seen in starvation
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what is alcohol abuse?
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excessive alcohol consumption that leads to severe alcohol-related health and other problems.
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what is ethanol?
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chemical term for the form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages
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what is distillation?
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a physical method used to separate liquids based on their boiling points
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what is alcohol dehydrogenase?
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an enzyme used in alcohol (ethanol) metabolism
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what is cirrhosis?
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a loss of functioning liver cells which are replaced by non-functioning connective tissue. Can be caused by alcohol or other poisons.
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what is ischemic stroke?
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a stroke caused by the absence of blood flow to a part of the brain
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what is a narcotic?
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an agent that reduced sensations or consciousness
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what are free radicals?
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short-lived forms of compounds that exist with an unpaired electron, causing damage to DNA and cell membranes
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what is acute alcohol intoxication?
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a temporary deterioration in mental function; lack or coordination and partial paralysis
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what is alcohol dependence?
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inability to control use, spending much time with abuse, continued use despite bad effects, tolerance
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what is serotonin?
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a neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan that affects mood, behavior, and induced sleep
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what is dopamine?
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a type of neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that leads to feelings of euphoria.
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