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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are some examples of cruciferous veggies?
how are isothiocyanates liberated from glucosinolates? |
broccoli, brussel sprouts
Isothiocyanates are derived from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, and compounds such as sulforaphane may help prevent cancer by enhancing the elimination of potential carcinogens from the body and increasing the transcription of protective genes ENZYMES: myrosinase + glucosinolate formed by actually eating the plants. |
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what are health benefits of glucosinolates? (such as isothiocyanates)
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turn of antioxidant response element
turn on phase 2 enzymes turn on antioxidant enzymes --excreting chemicals increase antioxidant expression increased expression of glucosinolates |
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what is the antioxidant response element?
what are some genes that are regulated by this pathway? how does the isothiocyanaten sulforaphane figure into this equation? what are the transcription factors involved? |
Sequence found in promoter of several genes involved in protection against oxidative stress and detoxification-- can be turned on by dietary constituents like sulforaphane which is derived from broccoli
Genes regulated by pathway: ferritin, thioredoxin reductase, metallothionein, heme oxygenase treatment of cells with ARE inducers such as sulforaphane causes dissociation of Nrf2 from Keap1, allowing Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus transcription factors: nfr2- goes into nucleus and turns on genes-- eating broccoli tells nfr2 to go into nucleus |
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how and why does broccoli preparation affect its bioavailability?
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heating broccoli to about 60 degrees causes it to release sulforaphane
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what are phytosterols? why are they biologically active?
what are some dietary sources? |
plant equivalent of cholesterol
because they inhibit cholesterol absorption in the gut any sort of vegetable oil |
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what is the primary health benefit of soluble fibers? what is the mechanism?
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lowered LDL cholesterol
basically they compete with spaces in that micelle with cholesterol <they bind cholesterol or bile acids during formation of micelles> |
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what are the health claims for soy protein?
is a dietary intervention that combines phytosterols, fiber and soy effective for improving lipid profiles? |
less CVD of soy compared to animal protein
replacing animal with soy protein has shown to reduce plasma lipids same effect as taking statin drug |
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what does the DSHEA act stipulate?
what are some flaws in the dietary supplement industry? what must be included on dietary supplement labels? |
DSHEA: supplements cant claim that they can prevent or fix a disease
restricts FDAs authority over supplements |
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what are the health claims for chromium?
is it effective? |
may be beneficial for those with glucose intolerance
in the late 80’s Evans published a report that chromium picolinate increased muscle mass and decreases fat |
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what is the backstory on the discovery and marketing of chromium picollinate?
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in the late 80’s Evans published a report that chromium picolinate increased muscle mass and decreases fat
--findings show that it may cause chromosomal damage |
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what are the health claims for airborne? are there any safety issues?
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meant to combat airborne illnesses
high amount of vit A-- two tablets contain the total amount of vit A you should have per day and the directions advise to only take as much as 3 per day |
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what is the backstory on Airborne's "clinical research"?
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.Airborne said that a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with "care and professionalism" by a company specializing in clinical trial management, GNG Pharmaceutical Services
GNG was really just a 2 man operation derived solely for the Airborne study |
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regarding multivitamin use, which vitamins and mineral intakes are commonly not met through the diet? which populations are most at risk?
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magnesium, vit E, iron in some cases
Women. :( |
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what do the long term intervention trials suggest about multivitamin use and disease risk?
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data mixed
more in favor of multivitamin not having an effect and depending on the vitamin (like vit E) might not be good for prostate cancer |
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is antioxidant supplementation always beneficial?
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know data showing that:
antioxidant supplements + starting exercise program antioxidants actually blocked training effect be familiar with this story! |
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what are the primary peptides that control feeding behavior in the hypothalamus? how do these peptides play into the melanocortin system? how are they controlled by leptin and grehlin?
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arcuate nucleus:
one circut: NPY + agouti protein (hunger) other circut: POMC + Cart (satiety) know which circuit is associated with hunger + and which is with satiety leptin suppresses agouti protein |
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what are some of the appetite hormones synthesized in the gut? how are they regulated? what are their effects?
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CCK + PYY- turned on when we eat a meal + full so they activate satiety -- AKA POMC + CART
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what are leptin and grehlin?
how do they control appetite? how are they regulated? |
leptin: turn on satiety circuit
ghrelin: turn on hunger circuit grehlin + gastric bypass- destroys part of stomach that makes grehlin grehlin is more of a short term regulator, goes up when you're going to eat a meal |
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what was the never ending soup bowl experiment?
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some psychology involved, not all grehlin + leptin
just kept eating with visual ques |
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what do the animal studies tell us about calorie restriction and lifespan?
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increases lifespan
especially in lower organisms |
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what do the monkey studies tell us? did all 3 studies have the same conclusions? were there differences in the diets used?
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when monkeys were fed purified diet- calorie restriction worked
NIH: fed more of a well balanced diet and it had no effect no matter when its started calorie restriction probably works with low quality diets |
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what does the limited human data tell us about calorie restriction and lifespan?
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by restricting calories you see improvements with metabolic biomarkers: less inflammation, less LDL
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what are some biomarkers that are modulated by calorie restriction?
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increased HDL, decreased LDL, increased glucose sensitivity.
metabolic factors: sirtuins, PPAR-gamma, PPAR |
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what are some of the genes that get turned on by calorie restriction? What are the net effects of turning on these genes (especially Sirt1) in muscle, pancreatic beta cells?
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Sirt 1 gets turned on which activates FOXO, PGC1 alpha
pancreatic beta cells: body is more sensitive to glucose levels -- insulin production muscle: more mitochondrial biogenesis |
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what are the effects of calorie restriction on mitochondria?
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increased synthesis of mitochondria
more electron transport chains less oxidative stress |
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how does resveratrol fit into this regulation? (calorie restriction)
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most potent activators of Sirt1
mimics caloric restriction |
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what areas of the world will diabetes become more prevalent in the next 20 years?
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3rd world countries
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what is meant by the term "thrifty genotype"?
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people who survive for generations in areas where food is hard to come by they develop adaptations to living off of very little food.
Bad news when these people come in contact with more food. |
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how does the modern diet exacerbate problems of the thrify genotype?
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youre getting enough food and more than enough food and your body is way too good at storing it
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give a modern example of how different lifestyles between genetically similar groups contributes to diabetes
(PIMA Indians) |
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what are the ApoE polymorphisms and how are they associated with CVD?
which variant is associated with lower LDL cholesterol? |
ApoE 2, 3 and 4
E4: increased CHD risk, alzheimers E2: lower LDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides |
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what are the mechanisms that different ApoE isoforms have on plasma cholesterol?
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E2 polymorphism: receptor is not as sensitive as the E4.
E4: higher levels of cholesterol |
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what points in the cancer process can nutrients play a role? how does this complicate diet/cancer studies?
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cancer is multistage process
many impacts on cancer risk |
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how do MTHFR genes play into carcinogenesis?
what is the mechanism? |
single carbon metabolism.
if you have polymorphism it will dictate where that folate is shunted. if you have polymorphism: it will be more directed toward making thymine out of uracil -- have higher levels of homocysteine but reduced cancer risk if theyre getting enough folate |
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how does folate and methyl nutrition play a role in carcinogenesis?
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how do NAT polymorphisms influence cancer? do these polymorphisms always confer protection from cancer?
are the effects tissue and carcinogen dependent? |
whether you are fast or slow metabolizer, it will dictate cancer risk.
fast NAT2-- more susceptible to colon cancer if you eat lots of meat TISSUE SPECIFIC |
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how do GSTM-1 polymorphisms play into broccoli cancer protection? what is the mechanism?
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null GSTM-1 are more responsive to broccoli in terms of colon cancer protection compared to non null
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what is the glutathionine peroxidase polymorphism? what is the effect of of this polymorphism on glutathionine
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this polymorphism causes: increase breast and lung cancer
because there is a reduced activity of glutathionine peroxidase |
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what is the function of CYP gene?
do polymorphisms of this gene cause increased cancer risk? |
detoxification pathway
you have to activate some compounds so you make them more carcinogenic for a second yes they can predispose you to cancer risk |
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what is aflatoxin?
why is it carcinogenic? how does hepatitis play into aflatoxin carcinogenesis? what gene is commonly mutated after aflatoxin exposure? |
carcinogen found as a result of mold from peanuts
if you have hepatitis your risk increases more for cancer (liver cancer) |
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does most of our food carcinogen exposure originate from pesticide/herbicide residues?
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most carcinogens are very low.
aflatoxin contaminated food is an exception |
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what is chromatin modification? what modification is almost always associated with chromatin opening?
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deals with gene regulation
can open or be compact open= increased gene expression acetylation=open chromatin |
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what is DNA methylation associated with?
where does it occur? what nutrients are associated with DNA methylation? |
decreased gene expression
cPG islands folate, B12, methionine, B6 |
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what are response elements?
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areas in a promoter (pieces of DNA)that bind transcription factors and either turn genes on or off
set of genes with same response element allows for concerted gene expression |
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what strategies are used by cells to regulate transcription factor activity?
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migration of transcription factor from cytoplasm to nucleus
degradation of transcription factor KNOW EXAMPLES |
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what response elements/transcription factors are associated with lipogenesis?
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sterol response element
carbohydrate response element GO BACK AND LOOK AT THESE SLIDES |
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what are the health benefits of dietary n-3 fatty acids? what are the responsive genes and diseases involved?
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decreased CVD
big role in regulating sterol response element |
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how does adequate folate protect against cancer?
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converting uracil to thymine
making sure you have enough folate intake is associated with methylation pattern in genes are normal |
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what are some dietary interventions that may reduce chronic disease? what are the mechanisms?
*essay question |
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