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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY?
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THE SCIENCE DEALING WITH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LIVING SYSTEMS AND MOLECULES, ESPECIALLY MOLECULES FROM OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM
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WHAT IS MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY?
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SCIENCE OF MATERIALS USED TO PREVENT, DIAGNOSE, AND TREAT DISEASE AND THE ROLE OF CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT CAUSE DISEASE.
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WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY?
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DEALS WITH THE UNDISIREABLE AFFECTS OF CHEMICALS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM; BASIC SCIENCE OF POISON
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DEFINE THE TERM 'DRUG'.
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ANY SMALL MOLECULE THAT, WHEN INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY, ALTERS THE BODYS FUNCTION BY INTERACTIONS AT THE MOLECULAR LEVAL
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WHAT DOES THE ROOT "PHARMA-" MEAN?
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DRUG
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WHAT ARE PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS?
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THE WAY IN WHICH A BODY HANDELS AND METABOLIZES A DRUG
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WHAT ARE PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS?
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THE AFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE BODY
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WHAT IS DRUG PERMEATION?
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HOW DRUGS GET INTO THE BODY
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WHAT IS THE COMMON MOLECULAR WEIGHT RANGE FOR DRUGS AND WHY?
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100-1000 BECAUSE IT IS THEN CAPABLE OF CONVENIENT ADMINISTRATION AND EFFICIENT ABSORPTION AND DISTRUBUTION
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HOW DO DRUGS VARY?
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MOLECULAR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
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WHAT DO THE MAJORITY OF DRUGS INTERACT WITH?
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RECEPTOR SITES
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HOW DO DIFFERENT CHEMICAL STRUCTURES EFFECT DRUGS?
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IT AFFECTS HOW OUR BODY UTILIZES THE DRUG. EX- STRONG ACIDS OR BASES GENERALLY CAN'T GET INTO THE BODY.
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HOW DOES THE HUMAN BODY SEE DRUGS?
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THE BODY SEES DRUGS AS FOREIGN SO IT TRIES TO PREVENT METABOLISM AND GET RID OF IT.
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NAME 4 WAYS THAT DRUGS MOVE ACROSS MEMBRANES.
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1- AQUEOUS DIFFUSION
2- LIPID DIFFUSION 3- FACILITATED DIFFUSION 4- PINOCYTOSIS |
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NAME 5 ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION.
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1- ORAL
2- INHALATION 3- TOPICAL 4- BUCCAL 5- INJECTION |
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NAME 5 ROUTES THE BODY USES TO ELEMINATE DRUGS.
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1- KIDNEY
2- LIVER 3- GI TRACT 4- LUNGS 5- SWEAT/SALIVARY GLANDS |
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NAME 4 WAYS THAT DRUGS ARE DISTRIBUTED INTO THE BODY.
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1- PROTEIN BINDING
2- BLOOD FLOW 3- MEMBRANE PERMEATION 4- TISSUE SOLUBILITY |
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HOW DO WE PREVENT THE BODY FROM SEEING A DRUG AS 'FOREIGN'?
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WE TRICK IT AND MANIPULATE THE DRUG TO ALLOW PERMEATION
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HOW BIG ARE DRUGS WHICH USE THE ROUT OF AQUEOUS DIFFUSION TO GET ACROSS A MEMBRANE?
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SMALL
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DESCRIBE LIPID DIFFUSION
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WEAK ACIDS AND BASES- RELATIVLY MORE WATER SOLUABLE WHEN IONIZED (POLAR) AND MORE LIPID SOLUABLE WHEN UNIONIZED
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WHAT KIND OF MOLICULES MOVE BEST ACROSS A MEMBRANE?
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NUETRAL MOLECULES- CHARGED MOLECULES DONT MOVE ACROSS MEMBRANES VERY WELL
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GIVE 2 EXAMPLES OF FACILITATED DIFFUSION.
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1- BLOOD-BRAIN BARIER
2- THE CONVOLATED TUBULE IN THE KIDNEY |
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DESCRIBE THE SIZE OF DRUGS USED IN PINOCYTOSIS
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LARGE SIZE
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HOW DOES PINOCYTOSIS WORK?
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IT TRICKS THE BODY AND THEN IT ENGULFS THE MOLECULE AND BRINGS IT INTO THE CELL
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GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF TOPICAL(LOCAL)/TRANSDERMAL (SYSTEMIC) DRUG ADMINISTRATION
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1- MUCAS MEMBRANE
2- SKIN 3- EYE |
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NAME 6 WAYS OF INJECTION OF A DRUG
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1- INTRAVENOUS
2- INTRAMUSCULAR 3- SUBCUTANEOUS 4- INTRAARTERIAL 5- INTRATHECAL 6- INTRAPERITONEAL |
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INTRAVENOUS
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INTO THE VEIN
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INTRAMUSCULAR
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INTO THE MUSCLE
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SUBCATANEOUS
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JUST BENEATH THE SKIN
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INTRAARTERIAL
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INTO THE ARTERY (MORE TARGETED)
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INTRATHECAL
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INTO THE SMALL BODY COMPARTMENT IN THE SPINAL CORD
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INTRAPERITONEAL
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THE GI AB CAVITY
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NAME 2 BENEFITS OF THE INTRAVENEOUS ROUTE
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1- GETS AROUND ABSORBTION
2- GET IMMEDIATE EFFECTS |
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WHAT IS THE ABSORPTION PATTERN IN THE INTRAVENEOUS ROUTE
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CIRCUMVENTED
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NAME 4 SITUATIONS THAT INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION WOULD BE BEST USED.
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1- EMERGENCY USE
2-PERMITING TITRATION OF DOSAGE 3- INCREASED MOLECULARE WEIGHT PROTEINS (INSULIN)AND PEPTIDE DRUGS 4- SUITABLE FOR LARGE VOLUMESAND IRRITATING SUBSTANCES WHEN DILUTED |
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WHAT ARE 3 LIMITATIONS AND PRECAUSTIONS WITH USING THE INTRAVENOUS ROUTE?
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1- INCREASED RISK OF ADVERSE EFFECTS
2- MUST INJECT SLOWLY 3-NOT SUITABLE FOR OILY/INSOLUABLE SUBSTANCES |
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SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE
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UNDER THE SKIN
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NAME 2 DIFFERENT ABSORPTION PATTERNS AND THEIR SITUATIONS FOR SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION
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1- PROMPT-FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
2- SLOW AND SUSTAINED FROM REPOSITORY PREPARATIONS |
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WHAT IS THE SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE BEST USED FOR?
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SOME INSOLUABLE SUSPENSIONS AND FOR IMPLANTATION OF SOLID PELLETS
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NAME 2 LIMITATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS RELATED TO THE SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE
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1- NOT SUITABLE FOR LARGE VOLUMES
2- POSSIBLE PAIN OR NEROSIS FROM IRRITATING SUBSTANCES |
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NAME 2 DIFFERENT ABSORPTION PATTERNS AND THEIR SITUATIONS FOR INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS
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1- PROMPT-FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
2- SLOW AND SUSTAINED FROM REPOSITORY PREPARATIONS |
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HOW IS THE INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTE BEST USED?
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SUITABLE FOR MODERATE VOLUMES, OILY VEHICLES, AND SOME IRRITATING SUBSTANCES
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WHAT ARE 2 LIMITATIONS OF INTRAMUSCULARE INJECTIONS?
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1- ELIMINATED DURING ANTICOAGULENT MEDICATION
2- MAY INTERFERE WITH INTERPRETATION OF CERTAIN DIAGNOSTIC TESTS (EX. CREATIN KINASE) |
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NAME ONE DIFFICULTY WITH ORAL INGESTION OF DRUGS
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IT IS HARD TO PREDICT HOW MUCH IS GOING TO BE ABSORBED AS THE RATE OF ABSORBTION VARYS IN EVERYONE.
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NAME 3 POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ORAL INGESTION OF DRUGS
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1- CONVENIENT
2-ECCONOMICAL 3- MOST SAFE |
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NAME ONE POTENTIAL PROBLEM WITH ORAL INGESTION
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BIOAVAILIBILITY, MAY BE POTENTIALLY ERRATIC AND INCOMPLETE FOR DRUGS THAT ARE POORLY SOLUABLE, SLOWLY ABSORBED, UNSTABLE, OR EXTENSIVLY METABOLIZED BY THE LIVER AND/OR GUT
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NAME A GROUP OF SEVERAL WAYS TO FIND OUT HOW MUCH DRUG METABOLISM IS GOING ON WHILE BEING LESS INVASIVE THAN BLOOD SAMPLES
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THE GROUP OF ROUTES THE BODY NATURALLY USES TO GET RID OF DRUGS
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WHAT ARE 3 NON-NUTRIENTS THAT ARE SOMETIMES PRESENT IN FOOD?
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1- NATURAL PLANT CONSTITUENTS
2- PESTICIDES AND HERBICIEDES 3- INTENTIONAL/UNITENTIONAL FOOD ADDITIVES |
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WHAT ARE NATURAL PLANT CONSTITUENTS?
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THEIR OWN NATURAL PESTICIDES THAT CAN MAKE UP 5-10% OF A PLANTS WEIGHT
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NAME 2 THINGS THAT HAVE CHANGED IN HISTORY REGARDING HUMAN HEPATIC XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM
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WE TAKE MORE DRUGS FOR MORE ILLNESSES; TOXINS HAVE INCREASED THERFORE PUTTING OUR BODY AT A HIGHER RISK TO OVERWHELM OUR SYSTEM.
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WHAT DETERMINES OUR BODIES ABILITY TO CLEAR TOXIC FORMS OF XENOBIOTICS?
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IT IS DETERMINED BY THEIR RELATIVE CELLULARE TOXICITY
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TRUE OR FALSE: MANY FOREIGN COMPOUNDS THAT ENTER OUR BODY ARE NON-REACTIVE AND EXCRETED UNEXCHANGED.
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TRUE
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WHAT LEADES TO THE INACTIVATION OF FOREIGN COMPOUNDS?
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UNDERGOING SPONTANEOUS NON-ENZYMATIC REACTIONS
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WHAT DETERMINES THE EXTENT OF CELLULAR DAMAGE?
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THE BALANCE BETWEEN INTRACELLULAR REACTIONS THAT RESULT IN ACTIVATION OF A SPECIFIC COMPOUND TO A MORE REACTIVE FORM AND THOSE DETOXIFICATION REACTIONS THAT MAKE THE COMPOUND LESS REACTIVE
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MOST POTENTIALLY TOXIC FOOD-BORNE CHEMICALS OCCUR AT WHAT CONDITIONS?
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RELATIVLY LOW CONCENTRATIONS
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UNDER WHICH CONDITIONS CAN THE BODY EFFICIENTLY CLEAR POTENTIALLY TOXIC FOOD-BORNE CHEMICALS?
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RELATIVLY LOW CONCENTRATIONS
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WHAT POSES A POTENTIAL DANGER OF OVERLOADING THE DETOXIFICATION MECHANISM IN THE HUMAN BODY?
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CLEARING PERSCREIBED AND OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS WHICH ARE OFTEN CONSUMED IN LARGE DOSES.
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THE INCIDENCE OF DRUG INDUCED TOXICITY REMAINS (CHOOSE ONE): LOW, AVERAGE, HIGH?
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LOW/RARE
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NAME 7 FACTORS WHICH INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO XENOBIOTIC TOXICITY
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AGE, HOSPITALIZATION, SEVERE LIVER OR KIDNEY DISEASE, DIETARY LIMITATIONS, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SMOKING, AND OTHER TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
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WHICH AGE GROUPS ARE AT AN INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO XENOBIOTIC TOXICITY AND WHY?
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NEWBORNES- HAVE AN INMATURE ENZYME SYSTEM
ELDERLY- LIMITATIONS IN PHYSICALFUNCTION, DEMINISHED NUTRITIONAL STATUS, GIVEN TOO MANY DRUGS |
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WHY DOES HOSPITALIZATION INCREASE A PERSONS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO XENOBIOTIC TOXCICITY?
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BECAUSE THEY ARE GIVEN LOTS OF DRUGS, AND LIMITED DIETS AND MALNURESHED
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WHY DOES SEVERE LIVER AND OR KIDNEY DISEASE INCREASE A PERSONS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO XENOBIOTIC TOXCICITY?
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BECAUSE THEY COMPROMISE METABOLISM AND CLEARANCE OF DRUGS
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NAME 2 EXAMPLES OF DIETARY LIMITATIONS THAT INCREASE A PERSONS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO XENOBIOTIC TOXCICITY
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1- WEIGHT REDUCTION DIETS
2-POPULARE FAD DIETS AND FOOD FADS |
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WHAT IS THE PRIMARY SITE OF METABOLISM OF XENOBIOTICS? WHY?
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THE LIVER; BECAUSE OF EFFICIENT PORTAL DELIVERY FOLLOWING GI TRACT ABSORPTION
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IS THE LIVER THE ONLY WAY OF METOBOLIZING XENOBIOTICS?
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NO, OTHER ORGANS ALSO METABOLIZE XENOBIOTICS WITH SIMILAR ENZYMES, BUT LACK OVERALL EFFICIENCEY OF THE LIVER.
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WHAT OTHER ORGANS METABOLIZE XENOBIOTICS, AND WHAT IS THEIR RELATIVE PERCENTAGE IN COMPARISSION TO THE LIVER BEING 100%?
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LUNG- 10-20%
KIDNEY-8% INTESTINE- 6% PLACENTA- 5% ADRENAL- 2% SKIN- 1% |
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WHAT DOES MFO STAND FOR?
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MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES, AKA MONOOXYGENASES
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WHAT ARE SOME ENZYMES INCLUDED IN THE HEPATIC SYSTEM?
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MFO + SEVERAL CONJUGATE ENZYMES INCLUDING SULFOTRANSFERASE, GLUCERONYL TRANSFERASE, AND GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE
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HOW DOES THE MFO WORK?
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THE MFO (AKA PHASE 1 RXN) 1ST ALTERS THE EXISTING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (N- AND O- DEALKYLATION) OR INSERTS A POLAR GROUP (HYDROXYLATION)TO MAKE THE SUBSTRATE MORE WATER SOLUABLE
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WHAT HAPPENS IN PAHSE II REACTIONS?
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THE SECOND GROUP OF ENZYMES SPECIFICALLY CONJUGATE THE NEW POLAR GROUPS OR THOSE ALREADY PRESENTON THE SUBSTRATEWITH ENDOGENOUS COFACTORS, INCLUDING SULFATE, GLUCURONICACID, AND GLUTATHIONE.
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NAME 4 PROSTHETIC GROUPS FROM OXEGENASES OF INTEREST AND THE ORGAN ASSOCIATED WITH IT
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COPPER-ADRENAL, FLAVIN-BRAIN, NONHEME IRON-MANY TISSUES, AND HEME-MOSTLY LIVER, SPLEEN AND KIDNEY
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HOW DOES MFO AFFECT DRUGS?
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IT CHANGES THE SHAPE OF THE DRUG AND INTERACTS
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WHAT FORMS DOES CYTOCHROME P450 EXIST IN?
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VARIEOUS FORMS INCLUDING CYTOCHROME P448
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DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ISOENZYMES OF CYTOCHROME P450?
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EACH HAS DIFFERENT BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE SPECIFICATIONS
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MULTIPLE SUBSTRATES CAN BE METABOLIZED AT THE SAME TIME THROUGH WHICH ENZYME?
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CYTOCHROME P450
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WHICH ISOENZYMES ARE INDUCIBLE?
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CYTOCHROME P450
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WHAT DOES INDUCIBLE MEAN?
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DERIVABLE OR INFERABLE
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HOW ARE DRUGS IN YOUR SYSTEM METABOLIZED?
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USING DIFFERENT ENXYMES WHICH MAY CHANGE THE DRUG INTO SEVERAL DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS WHEN CHANGING AND ATTACKING IT. AKA...MULTIPLE WAYS OF ATTACKING IT.
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HOW DO DETOX SYSTEMS VARY AMONGUST HUMANS?
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DETOX SYSTEMS ARE TAYLORED FOR EACH PERSON SO FOR EACH PEROSN, THEY WILL METABOLIZE THE DRUGS DIFFERENTLY.
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WHERE IS THE LOCATION OF CONJUGATION ENZYMES AND WHAT PHASE DOES THIS OCCUR?
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IT IS PRIMARILY LOCATED IN THE CYTOSOL AND THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND THIS OCCURS DURING PHASE II OF DETOXIFICATION,
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WHAT DOES SULFOTRANSFERASE CONJUGATE?
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PHENOLS, ALCOHOLS, AMINES, AND THIOLS, WITH SULFATE
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WHAT COFACTOR IS USED TO FORM THE SULFATE ESTERS?
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3'-PHOSPHOADENOSINE-5'
PHOSPHOSULFATE(PAPS); A HIGH ENERGY COFACTOR |
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WHAT INCREASES THE TOXIXITY AND CARCINOGENICITY OF CERTAIN AGENTS AND HOW DOES THIS OCCUR?
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SULFUNATION, BY INCREASING THEIR ELECTROPHILLIC CHARACTER
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WHAT IS THE MOST VERSATILE OF CONJUGATION REACTIONS?
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GLUCURONYL TRANSFERASE (GT)
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WHAT DOES GLUCERONYL TRANSFERASE TRANSFER AND WHAT IS THE ROUTE OF TRANSFERING?
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IT TRANSFERS GLUCURONIC ACID FROM URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID (UDPGA) TO THE XENOBIOTIC
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WHERE IS GT LOCATED?
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IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO EXIST IN MORE THAN ONE FORM
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WHAT ARE SOME SUBSTRATES OF GLUCURONYL TRANSFERASE?
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PLANT AND DRUG PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AS WELL AS ENDOGENOUS SUBSTRATES SUCH AS STEROIDS AND BILIRUBIN
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WHAT DO SULFOTRANSFERASE AND GLUCERONYL TRANSFERASE COMPETE FOR?
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SIMILAR SUBSTRATES
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AT WHAT LEVAL OF CONCENTRATION WILL WILL SULFONATION OCCUR MORE THAN GLUCURONIDATION?
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LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF SUBSTRATES
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WHAT HAPENS WHEN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SUBSTRATES INCREASES?
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THE AMOUNT OF GLUCURONIDATION EXCEEDS SULFATION
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WHAT DOES THE SIMULTANEOUS METABOLISM OF ANILINE AND P-NITROANISOLE BY THE MFO PRODUCE?
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BOTH P-AMINOPHENOL AND P-NITROPHENOL
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INCREASED DRUG TOXICITY HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED WHEN...
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ULTIPLE DRUGS HAVE COMPETED FOR SIMILAR CONJUGATION RXS
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WHERE IS THE GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASES (GSH-T) LOCATED?
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PRIMARILY IN THE CYTOSOL, BUT CAN ALSO OCCUR IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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WHAT IS CELLULAR GLUTATHIONE USED FOR?
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THE CONJUGATION OF A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES INCLUDING HALOGEN OR NITROBENZENES OR AROMATIC EPOXIDES
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WHAT IS THE USE OF METOBOLIC COFACTORS?
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THE MAJOR DETERMINATION OF DETOXIFICATION REACTIONS AND THE AVAILIBILITY OF COFACTORS NADPH, PAPS, UDPGA, GSH
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HOW IS NADPH GENERATED?
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FROM 3 ENZYMATIC PROCESSES (cofactor phase 1)
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IF THERE IS NO GLUCOSE OR GLYCOGEN, HOW IS NADPH GENERATED?
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CYTOSOLIC NADPH IS GENERATED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIONS
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HOW IS PAPS SYNTHESIZED?
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INORGANIC SULFATE BY TWO ENZYMATIC REACTIONS
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WHAT IS PAPS REGULATED BY?
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ATP
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HOW IS THE MAJORITY OF CELLULAR SULFATE OBTAINED?
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THE OXIDATION AND DESULFURAZATION OF CYSTEIN SULFUR
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WHAT DOES PAPS STAND FOR?
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PHOSPHOADENOSINE-5'-PHOSPHOSULFATE
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WHERE DOES UDPGA BRANCH FROM?
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G-1-P GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS TO THE URONIC ACID PATHWAY
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HOW IS UDPGA AVAILIBILITY REGULATED?
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BY THE PRESENCE OF GLUCOSE, ENERGY (UTP) AND NAD+
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HOW IS GLUTATHIONE (GSH) SYNTHESIZED?
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FROM 3 AMINO ACIDS- GLUTAMINE, CYSTEIN, AND GLYCINE
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WHAT IS THE MAINTENENCE OF GSH DEPENDENT UPON?
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THE AVAILIBILITY OF CELLULAR AMINO ACIDS
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WHAT IS THE MOST IMOORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING THE MFO?
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NUTRIENT
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NON-NUTRIENTS CAN INCREASE WHICH ACTIVITIES ?
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CHEMICALS IN FOOD, MAN MADE CHEMICALS (BHA,BHT), CHLORINATED HYDROCARBO PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES, DRUGS, AND ETHANOL
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INDUCTION IS...
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AN INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF ENZYMES
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WHAT INCREASES THE RATE OF METABOLISM BY MFO FOR MANY DRUGS?
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INDOLES
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CHARCOAL BROILED FOODS____ THE RATE OF METABOLISM OF PHENACETIN
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INCREASE
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WHAT WILL INCREASE THE ISOENZYME CYTOCHROME P448 AND ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE (FOR METABOLIZING CARCINOGENS)
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CHARBROILED FOODS (PYROLISIS OF FAT DRIPPINGS)
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WHAT MAY INDUCE CERTAIN ISOENZYMES OF THE MFO?
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PHENOBARBITOL AND ETHANOL
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WHAT DO HIGH PROTEIN DIETS DO TO THE METABOLISM OF DRUGS?
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INCREASE DRUG METABOLISM AND MFO COMPONENTS
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LOW PROTEIN DIETNS AND HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIETS DO WHAT TO DRUG METABOLISM?
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SLOW IT DOWN DRASTICALLY ACTUALLY INCREASING RISK OF TOXICITY
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