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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic and abiotic compartments of the Earth.
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Biogeochemical cycle
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Water is alway cycled through the... cycle.
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water
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Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through...
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the biogeochemical cycle.
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All chemicals elements occurring in an organism are part of a ....
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biogeochemical cycle.
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The living factors of the earth can be called the...
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biosphere.
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5 nutrients used by organisms.
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Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
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All nutrients used in ecosystems are part of a ... system.
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closed
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Nutrients in a closed system are ... rather than being lost and replenished.
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recycled
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The flow of energy in an ecosystem is a ... system.
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open
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Energy is lost in the form of ...
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heat.
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Energy exists in two forms -
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kinetic and potential
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Kinetic energy is energy in...
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motion.
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First law of thermodynamics.
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Energy is neither created or destroyed
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When a chemical reaction results in loss of energy the reaction is...
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exothermic.
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When chemical reactions absorb energy in order to proceed, the reaction is...
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endothermic.
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Photosynthesis is an ... reaction.
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endothermic
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Reduction of potential energy is called...
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entropy.
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Second law of thermodynamics.
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When energy is transferred or transformed, part of that energy assumes a form that can not pass any further.
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The rate that radiant energy is converted by photosynthesis to organic compounds is called...
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primary productivity.
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Gross primary productivity is the total rate of...
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photosynthesis
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The rate of energy storage as organic matter after respiration is called...
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net primary productivity.
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Productivity is expressed in units of energy as...
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kilocalories per square meter per year.
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Productivity is expressed in units of dry organic matter as...
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grams per meter squared per year.
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Productivity and the phrase "rate of change," can be used...
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interchangeably.
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The amount of accumulated organic matter found in a given area is expressed as...
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grams per meter squared.
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Accumulated organic matter is called...
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standing crop biomass.
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Biomass differs from ...
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productivity.
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Productivity is the rate which organic matter is created, biomass is...
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the amount present at any given time.
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A good way to measure primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem is to measure the amount of....
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dissolved oxygen gas.
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In an aquatic ecosystem, if photosynthesis is greater than respiration, then...
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oxygen will accumulate in the water.
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Net productivity increases with increasing mean annual ... and..
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temperature and rainfall.
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Growing season is defined as the period in which temperature are sufficiently warm to allow...
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photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis and productivity occur when a plant opens its stomata to ...
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take in CO2
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When a plants stomata are open...
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water is lost form the leaf to the air.
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The higher the rainfall the, the more water available for...
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transpiration.
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Warm air temperature increases the potential for... of water.
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evaporation
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If temperatures are warm but water levels are low...
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primary productivity decreases.
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Net primary productivity increases with available levels of...
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soil nutrients.
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Light is the primary factor limiting productivity in...
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aquatic ecosystems.
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In aquatic ecosystems, the depth at which photosynthesis is equal to respiration is called...
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compensation depth.
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... and... are the two limiting nutrient factors in marine environments.
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Nitrogen and Iron
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The most productive regions of the ocean are the...
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coastal regions.
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Solar radiation limits primary productivity in...
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lake ecosystems.
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All biogeochemical cycles have three components:
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Inputs, internal cycling, outputs
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Plants organize nutrients into...
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biologically useful compounds.
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Decomposers return nutrients...
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to their elemental state.
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Decomposition releases organically bound nutrients...
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into an inorganic form.
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There are two basic biogeochemical cycles:
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gaseous and sedimentary.
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Gaseous cycles reservoirs are the...
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atmosphere and ocean.
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Gaseous cycles are ... in nature.
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global
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Through weathering nutrients flow from...
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rocks and minerals into soluble salts.
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From soluble salts, nutrients flow into...
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soil, water, stream, lakes and oceans.
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In the ocean they cycle through diffusion and upwelling and eventually into the...
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sediments.
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Water is the conduit of...
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nutrient cycling in an ecosystem.
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In terrestrial systems plants bridge the link between primary production in the air...
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and decomposition in the soil.
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Through absorption and translocation, plants pull nutrients from the soil back up to the site of ... and ...
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photosynthesis and primary production.
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In shallow aquatic ecosystems there is a plant mediated link between... and ...
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photosynthesis and decomposition.
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In deep water ... is the main source of primary production.
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phytoplankton
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Different primary producers influence the rate of...
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nutrient cycling
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Short lived organisms absorb, use, and release nutrients...
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rapidly.
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Woody shrubs and trees hold large amounts of nutrients and prevent them from...
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short term cycling.
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Epilimnion:
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surface waters
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Surface waters are characterized by being relatively warm due to more (2)
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more sunlight and higher levels of diffused oxygen.
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The epilimnion is relatively ... poor.
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nutrient
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Metalimnion:
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transition zone between the surface waters and deep water
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The metalimnion is characterized by a steep...
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temperature gradient
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Hypolimnion:
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deep ocean
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The hypolimnion is cold but...
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nutrient rich
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As the thermocline temperature or differential declines in the late fall...
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the temperatures at the surface and the depths match.
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Turnover occurs in...
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lakes.
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Upwelling occurs in...
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oceans.
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Turnover mixes relatively nutrient rich deep water with the nutrient poor...
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surface water.
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Nitrogen naturally enters ecosystems through ... and ...
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nitrogen cycling and atmospheric deposition.
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90% of naturally fixed nitrogen is fixed by...
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symbiotic bacteria living in mutualistic association with plants, free-living aerobic bacteria, or by blue-green algae.
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To fix one gram of nitrogen requires...
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10 grams of glucose burned by nitrogen fixing bacteria.
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Denitrofication occurs under ... conditions
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anaerobic
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Natural sources fix about ... terra grams per year.
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130
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Human nitrogen fixation is about ... terra grams per year.
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135-145
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The phosphorus cycle has no ... component.
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atmospheric
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Phosphorus comes from ... and ...
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mineral deposits and marine sediments.
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Mean residence time for phosphorus is in the ... of years
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millions
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Phosphorus comes from the weathering of rock...
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calcium phosphate
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Phosphorus is ... in aquatic environments.
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scarce
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If phosphorus is added to lakes, a .. occurs
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algae bloom
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Only 10 % of phosphorus deposited into the oceans is...
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cycled within. The rest returns to sediments
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