Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Describe the process of bone formation
|
begins as cartilage, replaced by hydroxyapatite in protein matrix, matrix gives shape, minerals give strength
|
|
|
Where does bone growth occur? What happens when bone growth stops?
|
Growth occurs in epiphyseal plates, these plates seal over when growth ends
|
|
|
What cells are responsible for bone building
|
osteoblasts lay down the protein matrix and mineral
|
|
|
What cells are responsible for dissolving bone back into the blood stream
|
osteoclasts
|
|
|
What are some functions of Calcium
|
muscle contratction, blood clotting, signaling, enzymes
|
|
|
how sensitive is blood calcium concentration and how is it maintained
|
kept withing +/- 3%, calcium is deposited/ taken from the bones to maintain good levels
|
|
|
What does parathyroid hormone do?
|
acts on the kidney, stimulates the kidney to increase the activation of vitamin D precursor, vitamin
D increases the absorption of calcium also stimulates osteoclasts the overall effect is an increase in blood calcium levels |
|
|
What hormone stimulates the osteoblasts to form new bone and take calcium from the blood
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
How do you build strong bones
|
adequate calcium intake
stress the bones with weight bering exercise, the bones will adapt |
|
|
What substances/ activities can lead to negetive calcium balance
|
diuretics (caffinee, alcohol), excessive protein intake, smoking, phosphorus, amenorrhea
|
|
|
Why do women get more osteoporoussis than men
|
during menopause, estrogen levels drop, estrogen is protective of bones
|
|
|
What happens to vitamin d in the elderly that contributes to osteopourosis
|
elederly have less sun exposure, systhesis is less efficient, activation of D is also less efficient
|
|
|
What is osteomalacia and how is it caused
|
lose of bone mineral , caused by a vitamin D deficiency
|
|
|
How can you prevent osteopourosis
|
build good bone mineral density, keep in positive calcium intake, massive doeses of calcium do not help
|
|
|
Why might vitamin A help prevent cancer
|
involved in cell differentation, cancer is a failure of cell differentation
|
|
|
How are antioxidants helpful in cancer prevention
|
free radical oxygen damages DNA, antioxidants block oxidative damage
|
|
|
What are some examples of industrial/ food/ natural carcinogens
|
industrial- asbestos, vinychloride
food- nitrates (cured meats like bacon and ham, beer) molds- aflatoxin, sassafaras tea |
|
|
What are the three stages of carcinogenesis
|
initation, promotion, progression
|
|
|
How is a cell initiated
|
damage to the DNA
|
|
|
What are the features of a malignant tumor
|
invasive (grows into other tissues) metastasis (tumor detaches into the blood stream and "seeds" new tumors)
|
|
|
What is Genistein and how may it help prevent cancer
|
comes from soy beans, imitates estrogen but doesn't trigger response, may help prevent estrogen sensitive cancers (breast, ovarian, endometrial)
|
|
|
WHat are lignans and how can they help prevent cancer?
|
made from lignin (insoluble fiber)by gut bacteria, lowers blood estrogen levels
|
|
|
What are the recomended levels of fruit and begetable intake
|
combined at least servings per day
|
|
|
How long is a normal pregnancy and how is it divided
|
40 weeks is a normal prenancy (anything over 37 is ok), divided into trimesters
|
|
|
What is hyperplasia
|
increase in the number of cells
|
|
|
What is hypertrophy
|
increase in the size of cells
|
|
|
When do fetal organs start to develop
|
3 weeks
|
|
|
When does the fetal heart start to beat
|
15 weeks
|
|
|
WHen is the fetus most suceptible to teratogens
|
first trimester (especailly alcohol, tobacco, vitamin A suppelements)
|
|
|
WHat is a minimum healthy birth weight
|
5.5 lbs
|
|
|
How much weight should be gained during the first trimester
|
2-4 lbs
|
|
|
How much weight should be gained during the second and third trimesters
|
about 3/4 to 1 pound per week
|
|
|
How much weight in total should a woman of normal weight gain during pregnancy? Overweight? Underweight?
|
normal- 25-35 lbs
overweight- 15-25 lbs underweight 28-40 lbs |
|
|
How is the new weight gained distributed in pregnancy
|
baby 8 lbs, placenta 1 lb, amniotic fluid 2 lbs, breast tissue 3 lbs, blood 4 lbs, fat 2-8 lbs, muscle 2 lbs
|
|
|
Should anyone even overweight women try to lose weight during pregnancy?
|
no, it is not healthy for anyone no matter what weight to lose weight during pregnancy
|
|
|
What types of nutrients have increased needs during pregnancy?
|
protein, calcium, carbohydrate, vitamin D, folate
|
|
|
why is folate important in pregnancy
|
helps to prevent neuro tube defect
|
|
|
What are some complications assocaited with insuficient iron intake during pregnancy
|
premature birth, low birth weight, early fetal death
|
|
|
What should a pregnant woman's food plan look like
|
3 servings of dairy, meat/ fish/ poultry, fruits and veggies, at least 6 servings of grain
|
|
|
What do vegetarian mothers need to do to supplement their diet. Vegans?
|
include plant proteins, foods rich in vitamin C to aid in iron absorption, watch calcium intake
supplement B 12 |
|
|
What effect do placental hormones have on the body
|
cause muscle relaxation, increase in heartburn, constipation, adema
|
|
|
What phsiological complications are assocaited with pregnancy
|
heartburn, constipation, adema, moringn sickness, anemia
|
|
|
What percent of infants are currently breastfeed? What percent of children are still breast feed by 6 months
|
60%, 19%
|
|
|
Describe the "supply and demand" effect of breast milk production.
|
Milk productuion is stimulated by the infant nursing, the more that the infant nurses, the more milk is produced
|
|
|
How do you know if the infant is nursing enough?
|
at least 6 wet diapers a day and adequate growth
|
|
|
How should supplemental feedings be used?
|
use them when mom is away, and try to leave the infant a little hungry so it still wants to nurse when mom is home
|
|
|
What is the composition of milk during the first few days of nursing?
|
colostrum- immune factors, laxative properties (to expel meconium from swallowing amniotic fluid), lactobacillus bifidis factor (helps growth of helpful bacteria)
|
|
|
What is mature milk composed of ?
|
protein, lipids, carbohydrate, iron
|
|
|
Describe the protein found in breast milk.
|
very easy to digest
|
|
|
Describe the lipids found in breast milk.
|
high in essential fatty acids, high in cholesterol
|
|
|
What is unique about the fat content of breast milk through a feeding
|
The fat content starts out low but then increases to high fat content towards the of the feeding (promotes satiety)
|
|
|
Describe the carbohydrate found in breast milk.
|
in the form of lactose, supports benign bacteria
|
|
|
Describe the iron found in breast milk.
|
highly avalible form
|
|
|
Why should you aviod cow's milk during the first year
|
too low in CHO and fat, too high in proetin and calcium, curd is hard to digest (can cause bleeding in gut and milk anemia)
|
|
|
How many caloires does milk production require
|
750 calories/day
|
|
|
What are somethings that the mother should aviod consuming during breastfeeding.
|
caffine, alchohol, some medications, certains spicy or strongly flavored foods can make the baby colicaly
|
|
|
What are some benefits to breast feedig?
|
fewer GI infections, fewer food alergies,aviods formula intolerance, convenient, cheap, promotes greater mother infant bond
|
|
|
What are some barriers to breast feeding
|
misinformation, lack of role models, returning to work
|
|
|
What are some cases where the mother should not brest feed
|
inborn errors of metabolism (PKU), some medications are passed through milk, viral transmission like HIV/AIDS
|
|
|
What are some misconceptions about barriers to breastfeeding
|
not enought milk- proabaly not feeding frequently enough, poor materanl diet- the milk is still good, materanl smoking- nicotine will pass but second hand smoke is still bad, milk is still better than formula
|
|
|
What is hyperplasia
|
Growth by the increase in the number of cells
|
|
|
What is hypertrophy?
|
growth by increase in the size of cells
|
|
|
What does brain cell hyperplasia stop? How can poor nutrition effect this process
|
brain cell hyperplasia stops after about 18 months. poor nutrition can lower intelligence, after age 5 IQ is more related to social factors
|
|
|
Infants before what age should not be put on a fat restriction diet
|
since infant obesity is not related to adult obesity fat should not be restricted until about age 2, infants need fat for proper development
|
|
|
When do infants need solid foods?
|
4-6 months
|
|
|
What is thermal stress in an infant? What tissue is involved in it?
|
brown fat is in infant's body to retain heat, it is the only tissue that can convert energy directly to heat, these cells are lost after several months
|
|
|
What percent of an infant's diet should be fat and why is it important?
|
30-50% should be fat. infants need a lot of calories but they have small stomachs so they need the energy density of fat. fat also supports the development of the nervous system
|
|
|
If the mother's iron intake is good, how long should and infant's iron stores last
|
about 4-6 months, this is why they need to start solid food after this age
|
|
|
Should an infant be given supplemental water? Why or why not?
|
Usually water needs will be met by breast milk or formula, if it is really hot or the infant has diarrhea, vomiting, or fever give extra water, over hydration can be harmful because of extra stress on the kidneys, be careful not to over dilute formula
|
|
|
What is the carbohydrate in formula?
|
lactose in cow milk based or sucrose in soy
|
|
|
What is the fat in formula usually
|
vegetable oil
|
|
|
What are some important things to remember when preparing formula
|
needs to be very clean, only make one bottle at a time, don't save leftovers
|
|
|
What are some feeding practices that should be avoided
|
don't use the bottle as an automatic response to crying, don't use the bottle as a substitute for attention, don bottles while lying down (always hold them), don't overfeed (pay attention to hunger cues)
|
|
|
About when to infant's start to develop teeth
|
6-7 months
|
|
|
When can infants begin to self feed
|
8-9 months
|
|
|
When can infants begin to digest starch?
|
The infant Cannon digest starch until about 3 months because they don't have amylase before then
|
|
|
When do infants develop full kidney function?
|
about 6 weeks
|
|
|
When do infants develop tongue control
|
6 months
|
|
|
What can you do to minimize the risk of food allergies
|
minimize exposure to foreign proteins before the "leaky gut" is sealed. proteins too early can create a hypersensitive immune system
|
|
|
What is a good idea for a first food,
|
rice cereal
|
|
|
when should you introduce veggies and fruits
|
6-8 months, one at a time after cereal
|
|
|
What are some foods that present chocking hazards and therefore should not be fed to infants
|
grapes, hot dog sections, peanuts, raisins
|
|
|
Why should you not feed infants honey?
|
it may contain spores that can cause food poisoning
|
|
|
When can cow's milk be introduced, what kind should be used when it is introduced?
|
about 10 months, use whole milk, infants need the calories
|
|
|
What is milk anemia
|
cow's milk forms a very tight curd in the stomach and infant's have a hard time digesting it, this can cause bleeding in the gut which can make the infant anemic
|
|
|
What is the max amount of milk that should be given to an infant in a day? formula?
|
32oz, 40 oz
|
|
|
Why do children beyond 2 years show a decreased appetite, what can parents do ?
|
they are not growing as rapidly so they don't need as many calories, parents should focus on nutritionally dense foods
|
|
|
How can parents help their child to learn to like nutritious foods
|
parents need to also eat them and role model, repeatedly expose kids to the food without any pressure to eat it, be careful of underlying messages
|
|
|
Why types of foods do young children prefer?
|
crisp texture, manageable size, mild flavors, comfortable temperature
|
|
|
What are the serving sizes for kids up to age 3? after 5?
|
up to age 3 the ss is 1 tablespoon per year, after age 5 it is 2/3 that of an adult
|
|
|
What are some benefits to eating locally produced food
|
lower transportation costs, supports local economy, more diverse foods/ eat seasonally, fresher
|
|
|
What is sustainable agriculture?
|
using renewable resources, soil conservation, fewer chemical inputs,etc
|
|
|
What are the driving forces behind hunger?
|
physiological need, innate preference, learned preference, availability, emotional need
|
