Nutr 302 Exam 2

Front 1

Define Lipids

Back 1

Soluble in organic solvents

Front 2

3 Categories of Lipids

Back 2

Simple, Compound, Derived

Front 3

Give examples of simple lipids

Back 3

FA, TG, DG, MG, esterified lipids

Front 4

Give examples of compound lipids

Back 4

phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins

Front 5

Give examples of derived lipids

Back 5

products of esterified lipids (ie cholesterol)

Front 6

Fatty Acids have a ___________ chain with a _________end

Back 6

hydrocarbon chain with carboxylic acid end

Front 7

Is the carboxyl end of FAs polar or non-polar? Water or fat soluble?

Is hydrocarbon end of FAs polar or non-polar?

Water or fat soluble?

Back 7

Carboxyl end=polar (water soluble)

Hydrocarbon End=non-polar (fat soluble)

Front 8

A fat is saturated when the ________ is fully saturated with hydrogen.

Back 8

hydrocarbon

Front 9

Saturated fat is _______ at room temperature.

Give examples of saturated products.

Back 9

Solid; Animal fats & Tropical Oils

Front 10

Fat becomes unsaturated in the presence of _______ _______.

Back 10

double bonds

Front 11

Unsaturated fat is ___________ at room temperature.

Back 11

liquid

Front 12

What is a MUFA?

What are it's primary food sources?

Back 12

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids have only one double bond

Sources: Olives, Avocado, Canola

Front 13

What is PUFA?

What are it's primary food sources?

Back 13

Polyunsaturated FAs have 2 or more double bonds

Soybean, safflower, sunflower, corn, fish, flax

Front 14

When a hydrocarbon change is straight, it has a _______ formation.

Back 14

Trans formation

Front 15

When a hydrocarbon chain is bent, it has a ____ formation

Back 15

Cis formation

Front 16

___________ makes food more stable and is easily oxidized.

Back 16

Hydrogention

Front 17

Name the 3 SCFAs w/ their carbon:double bond ratio

Back 17

Acetic Acid 2:0

Propionic Acid 3:0

Butyric Acid 4:0

Front 18

Name the 3 MCFAs w/ their C:DblBnd ratios

Back 18

Caproic Acid 6:0

Caprylic Acid 8:0

Capric Acid 10:0

Front 19

Name the 4 LCFAs w/ NO double bonds

Back 19

Lauric Acid 12:0

Myristic Acid 14:0

Palmitic Acid 16:0

Stearic Acid 18:0

Front 20

Name the only LCFA that is a MUFA

Back 20

Oleic Acid 18:1

Front 21

Name the 5 LCFAs that are PUFAs

Back 21

Linoleic Acid 18:2

Linolenic Acid 18:3

Arachidonic Acid 20:4

EPA 20:5

DHA 20:6

Front 22

Arachidonic Acid is the precursor to _____

Back 22

prostaglandins

Front 23

Omega 3 FAs are most common in __________,

precursors to ______________,

& reduce risk for heart disease by ___________

Back 23

Fish

Eicosanoids

By decreasing platelet aggregation and decreasing blood lipids

Front 24

How do we make sure that our bodies get the omega 3 benefits of flax seeds?

Back 24

Crush them. Our bodies dont have the enzymes to break through their shell. Don't crush until right when you're going to eat it because they will go rancid.

Front 25

Essential FAs are essential because...

Back 25

Our body cannot produce them

Front 26

Which FAs are considered essential?

Back 26

Linoleic & alpha-Linolenic

Front 27

Recommended Intake:

Linoleic---AMDR=__________% of calories,

AI= ____g/d

Omega 3---AMDR=________% of calories,

AI= _________g/d

Back 27

Lino AMDR=5-10% calories & ____g/d(?)

Omega AMDR=0.6-1.2% & _____ g/d(?)

Front 28

What is an EICOSANOID?

Back 28

A 20 carbon FA derivative produced from arachidonate or omega 3 FAs

Front 29

What are the 3 classes of Eicosanoids?

Back 29

1. Prostaglandins

2. Thromboxanes

3. Leukotrienes

Front 30

What effects do eicosanoids have on your body?

Back 30

Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation effects, chemotaxis, hormone secretion (degree of effects depends on source of production)

Front 31

Triglycerides make up about ____% of all dietary fat

Back 31

95%

Front 32

What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?

Back 32

Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids attached

Front 33

How are lipids absorbed if they are not water soluble?

Back 33

They must be emulsified by bile acids

Front 34

Name the 3 enzymes for lipid digestion

Back 34

lipase, phospholipase, cholesterol esterase

Front 35

Products of digestion form micelles with the aid of __________. In a micelle formation, hydrophobic ends are facing ______ and hydrophilic ends are facing_____

Back 35

Bile salts

Hydrophobic ends face inward

Hydrophilic ends face outward

Front 36

In absorption, the lipid is transported from the micelle into _______.

Bile salts are then recirculated to the ______.

Back 36

enterocyte

liver

Front 37

In lipid _________, TG are resynthesized from LCFAs and MGs

Back 37

Absorption

Front 38

SCFAs and MCFAs go directly to portal circulation and combine with ______ because this is how FFAs are transported in the blood.

Back 38

albumin

Front 39

This is a lipid-protein vesicle that is secreted into lymphatic circulation.

Back 39

chylomicron

Front 40

Transport of lipids is mainly through water soluble complexes called ___________

Back 40

Lipoproteins

Front 41

Lipoproteins are distinguished by what 3 things?

Back 41

Lipid:Protein ratio

Lipid Types

Apoproteins

Front 42

Are lipoproteins bad or good? Why?

Back 42

Lipoproteins are GOOD because we need them to transport cholesterol, VLDL, etc. for ENERGY and BODY FUNCTIONS!

Front 43

VLDL is synthesized in the ______

Back 43

Liver

Front 44

More proteins in a particle mean ______ density

Back 44

HIGHER density

Front 45

Define a Remnant

Back 45

What is left from chylomicrons

Front 46

_______% of chylomicrons are formed from dietary fat

Back 46

82%

Front 47

The majority of lipoproteins are _____

Back 47

Triglycerides

Front 48

What are the main roles of lipoproteins?

Back 48

1. Stabilize an aqueous environment (enables them to float in blood and carry)

2. Specific physiological actions ie receptor recognition and enzyme activation

Front 49

Apo-A is in ____ particles

Back 49

HDL particles

Front 50

The higher the Apo-A, the ______ HDL because it carries the cholesterol.

Back 50

HIGHER

Front 51

Are there Apo-B in HDL particles?

Back 51

NO!

Front 52

This is an exogenous protein b/c it is synthesized from dietary fat

Back 52

chylomicron

Front 53

Chylomicrons are first made in the ______

Back 53

intestine

Front 54

Chylomicrons enter the bloodstream via the ___________

Back 54

Vena Cava

Front 55

TGs are rapidly hydrolyzed by _______ to FFAs & MG with the help of Apo-C

Back 55

Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)

Front 56

FFAs and MGs are absorbed into the tissue cells.

Which tissue cells do they go to and how are they used in those tissues?

Back 56

Muscle cells: for energy and TG synthesis

Adipose cells: for TG synthesis

Front 57

Chylomicron remnant is rich in ____.

Back 57

cholesterol

Front 58

Chylomicron Remnant is removed from the blood by the _____

Back 58

liver

Front 59

True or False: Chylomicron is the ONLY exogenous lipoprotein.

Back 59

TRUE DAT! ONLY ONE!

Front 60

VLDL is classified as an _____ lipoprotein

Back 60

endogenous

Front 61

In the liver, products of chylomicron remnant and other lipid sources are packaged as _____

Back 61

VLDL

Front 62

_______ is secreted into the blood and acted on by LPL, similar to the process for chylomicrons

Back 62

VLDL

Front 63

What does IDL stand for?

Back 63

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein

Front 64

LDL is taken up by cells via _____, and deposits cholesterol in the _____ & _____ cells.

Back 64

apo B-100 Receptor

Liver and Peripheral Cells

Front 65

____ is potentially atherogenic.

Back 65

LDL

Front 66

LDL is related to _________

Back 66

Lp (a) / Lipoprotein A

Front 67

HDL removes _______ from tissues and LDLs.

Back 67

cholesterol

Front 68

Describe "reverse cholesterol transport"

Back 68

Cholesterol is converted to cholesterol ester by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase which allows HDL to pick up for cholesterol and cholesterol is returned to the liver

Front 69

Atherosclerosis

Back 69

Damage occurs to blood vessel.

LDL is deposited in blood vessel

Smooth muscle cells multiply

Monocytes invade and form macrophages

LDL is oxidized

Result is formation of fatty plaque which may eventually occlude the blood vessel and stop blood flow

Front 70

What's the difference btwn saturated fat, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated

Back 70

-Saturated=Increase in TC, LDL-C (stearic acid)

-MUFA= decrease TC, LDL-C, HDL-C unchanged (may increase HDL if sub for SFA)

-PUFA=decrease TC, LDL-C, may decrease HDL-C (omega 3 is likely most beneficial)

Front 71

Trans Fatty Acids increase _______ &

decrease _______.

Back 71

increase LDL-C

decrease HDL-C

Front 72

Only ___% of the population is affected by cholesterol

Back 72

20%

Front 73

Increased cholesterol intake decreases __________ and increased __________.

Back 73

cholesterol synthesis; HDL activity

Front 74

_______ is related to apoE polymorphism (E4).

Back 74

Cholesterol

Front 75

Other factors influencing lipids??

Back 75

Exercise, plant sterols, red yeast rice, weight loss, alcohol, simple sugars, omega 3 fatty acids, antioxidants, medications, soluble fiber, niacin, coenzyme Q10, smoking, genetics

Front 76

Influence of lipids on other risk factors?

Back 76

Blood pressure, inflammation, blood clotting, insulin resistance

Front 77

7 steps to fat catabolism

Back 77

1. Mobilization

2. Circulation

3. Uptake

4. Activation

5. Translocation

6. B-Oxidation

7. Mitochondrial Oxidation

Front 78

The process of B-Oxidation yields _____&______.

Each cycle yields _______, which enters the Kreb cycle.

Back 78

FADH2 & NADH

Acetyl CoA

Front 79

Even number chains in B Oxidation produce _______, and odd number chains produce _______.

Back 79

Propionyl CoA; Succinyl CoA

Front 80

3 Types of Ketones

Back 80

B-hydroxybutyrate

Acetoacetate

Acetone

Front 81

Ketones form due to _____?

Back 81

Due to accumulation of Acetyl CoA (occurs from lack of oxaloacetate which is primarily produced from pyruvate.. also from reliance of fat for energy through B oxidation)

Front 82

What is it called when there are high levels of ketones in the blood?

Back 82

Ketosis

Front 83

Ketosis causes a decrease in blood _____ which leads to _________.

Back 83

pH; metabolic disturbances

Front 84

When are ketones primarily formed?

Back 84

Low CHO intake, starvation, and diabetes

Front 85

CoA ALWAYS contains __________ as a part of it's structure!

Back 85

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)

Front 86

FAs are synthesized from _____ & _____

Back 86

Acetyl CoA & Malonyl CoA

Front 87

Fatty Acid synthesis REQUIRES ______

Back 87

biotin

Front 88

In FA synthesis, malonyl CoA is made from ________ + _______

Back 88

Acetyl CoA + Biotin

Front 89

Recommended Intakes:

Total Fat= _______% of calories (AMDR)

SFA: <______% calories

PUFA: AMDR for linoleate= _____% of calories

AMDR for linolenate= ______% of calories

MUFA: no AMDR

Cholesterol: < _______mg/day

Back 89

Total Fat= 20-35% of calories (AMDR)

SFA: <10% calories

PUFA: AMDR for linoleate= 5-10% of calories AMDR for linolenate= 0.6-1.2% of calories

MUFA: no AMDR

Cholesterol: < 300 mg/day

Front 90

Ethyl alcohol's structure is similar to _____.

It's metabolism is similar to _______.

Absorption and transport is _______.

Back 90

CHO

Fat Catabolism

Absorption and transport

Front 91

Ethyl alcohol provides ______ kcal/g

Back 91

7

Front 92

Oxidation of ethyl alcohol produces ____

Back 92

LITTLE energy

Front 93

Is alcohol technically a nutrient?

Back 93

No

Front 94

What does ADH stand for?

Back 94

Alcohol Dehydrogenase Pathway