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274 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight?
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1/3rd
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Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development?
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More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons
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In the quest for achieving desirable body weight, adults have control over all of the following except
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adipocyte number
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Obesity resulting from an increase in the size
of fat cells is termed |
hypertrophic obesity
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Adverse effects on organs such as the liver from the presence of excess body fat is known as
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lipotoxicity
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Which of the following defines the body’s set point?
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Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
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What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
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A genetic disorder resulting in obesity
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Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics?
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Identical twins are twice as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins
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On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?
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Hypothalamus
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Which of the following is a feature of leptin?
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It is a satiety signal
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Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?
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It stimulates appetite and energy storage
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Why is weight loss, in part, more successful with exercise and also after bypass surgery?
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Ghrelin levels are relatively low
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All of the following are hormones that promote satiety
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Ghrelin
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What serves as the body’s chief storage site for lipids?
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White adipose tissue
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What is the primary reason that laxatives are generally not effective agents for losing weight?
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They act on the large intestine rather than the small intestine
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The prescription drug sibutramine acts by regulating the utilization of
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serotonin
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All of the following are factors that meet the conditions for surgical intervention for weight loss in obese people except
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ability to tolerate sibutramine, orlistat, or phentermine
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As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?
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1200
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Which of the following would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a weight reduction program?
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Select less energy-dense foods
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What is the best approach to weight loss?
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Reduce daily energy intake and increase physical activi
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An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to
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increase physical activity
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Approximately how many kcalories are expended per kilogram body weight when walking a mile at a moderate pace?
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1
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A person who weighs 150 lbs. and walking at a pace of 3 miles/hr expends about how many kcalories in that hour?
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225-270
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An example of a successful behavior modification technique for weight control is to
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keep a record of your eating habits
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Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight?
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Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight
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The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below
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18.5
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Popular press literature refers to visually apparent lumpy forms of body fat as
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cellulite
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An extreme surgical procedure, such as a gastric bypass produces dramatic weight loss in morbidly obese people by
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restricting the size of the stomach so it holds less food
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To increase success in weight loss which of the following behaviors is not recommended?
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eating when stressed
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What is the chief factor that determines a person’s susceptibility to obesity?
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Heredity and environment
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamins?
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The quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams
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Which of the following is NOT a water soluble vitamin?
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Vitamin D
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What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins?
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Kidney
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Which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy?
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Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts
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Beriberi results from a deficiency of
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Thimin
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All of the following are characteristic of thiamin nutrition
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recommended intakes are stated in “equivalents.”
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Which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size?
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Ham
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Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in
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dairy foods
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Which of the following vitamins is involved substantially in energy transformation reactions?
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riboflavin
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The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin?
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Riboflavin
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The vitamin deficiency disease pellagra means
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"rough skin"
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Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
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Biotin
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What is the adult Adequate Intake for biotin?
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30 µg (micrograms)
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What vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?
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pantothenic acid
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What is the AI for pantothenic acid for adults?
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5mg
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Which of the following vitamins is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food?
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pantothenic acid
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Which of the following vitamins is stored primarily in muscle tissue?
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Vitamin B6
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The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include
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confusion and depression
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What vitamin is involved intensively in amino acid metabolism?
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Vitamin B6
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What is the adult RDA for vitamin B6?
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1.3mg
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Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of ___________ during
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folate
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By law, what amount of folate (µg) must be added to 100 g of food products such as breads, flour, and rice?
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140
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What vitamin is involved mainly with the replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells?
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folate
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Which of the following is required for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12?
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intrinsic factor
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Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of
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vitamin B12
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Why are vegetarians at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency?
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Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin
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Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?
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antioxidant agent
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In what capacity does vitamin C function?
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cofactor in collagenformation
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Which of the following is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency?
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bleeding gums
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Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C?
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fruit
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In the United States, what is the adult RDA for vitamin C?
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75-90mg
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What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation?
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chylomicrons
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Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?
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Beta-carotene
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Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response?
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Retinal
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What tissue contains the majority of the body’s store of vitamin A?
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Liver
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How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent (RAE)?
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12
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On average, one retinol activity equivalent (RAE) is equal to about how many international units (IU)?
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3
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Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?
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pumpkin pie
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Vitamin A does not play an important role in which of the following processes?
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blood clotting
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An example of a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency is
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night blindness
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Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice?
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skin yellowing
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In which of the following individuals would vitamin A toxicity be most likely to occur?
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Those taking vitamin A supplements
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The adult RDA for vitamin A is approximately
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800 retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
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Your sister Ellen has just joined the Peace Corps and will be working on ways to improve the nutritional status of children in Indonesia. Once there, she saw that many of the children and some adults suffer from night blindness. Which of the following foods should she recommend be incorporated into the Indonesian diet to help prevent future generations from developing this condition?
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Sweet potato
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All of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D except the
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intestines
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Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body’s synthesis of vitamin D?
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cholesterol
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What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D?
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Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone
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All of the following are characteristics of vitamin D nutrition except
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the requirement is increased in most people who are exposed to the sun
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Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency?
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bowed legs
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Which of the following is not known to promote vitamin D deficiency in the elderly?
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excessive use of hypertension medications
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Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?
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mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney
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Which of the following enables much of the world’s population to maintain adequate vitamin D status?
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outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight
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Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?
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egg yolks
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Which of the following is not a feature of vitamin D nutrition?
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Excessive exposure to the sun increases risk for vitamin D toxicity
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The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)
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antioxidant
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How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?
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It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins
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Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people?
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erythrocyte hemolysis
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Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?
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vegetable oils
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In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
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blood clotting
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
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. Bacteria in the intestines synthesize bioavailable vitamin K
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What type of foods should be controlled in individuals taking anticoagulant medicines?
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green leafy vegetables
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Approximately what percentage of the body’s store of vitamin K is derived from GI tract bacterial synthesis?
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50
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Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person? Hint: start with what percentage of the body is water. Multiply percentage by weight. This is a calculation problem.
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80
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Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?
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source of energy
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In the body, water that resides between cells is known as
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interstitial fluid
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All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except
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spastic muscles
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Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst?
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hypothalamus
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Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?
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water intoxication is rare but can result in death
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The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately
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1.5 to 2.5 liters
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Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?
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250
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Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
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distilled water
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What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?
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kidneys
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How does antidiuretic hormone function?
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It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
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Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?
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Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
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What is the major extracellular cation?
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Na+
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What is the major intracellular cation?
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K+
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What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations of solutes are separated by a semi- permeable membrane?
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osmotic pressure
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The normal blood pH range is approximately
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7.35-7.45
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All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance
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the gall bladder
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What cardiovascular condition occurs most often in persons who consume too much sodium?
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hypertension
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Which of the following does not have sodium?
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high fructose corn syrup
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How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g? Hint: 40% of NaCl (salt) is sodium. Hint: 1 gram= 1000mg
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1,000 mg
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Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
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helps maintain gastric acidity
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All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition
|
the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.
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Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
|
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
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Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency?
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It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
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Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
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muscle weakness
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Which of the following is a poor source of potassium? Hint if you do not know look up in appendix H of textbook or in Diet Analysis. Also refer to charts- such as foods high in potassium in textbook.
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White Rice
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All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition
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processed foods are a major source
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As far as is known, which of the following is not a process that directly involves calcium?
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pH regulation
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Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood?
|
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin hormone
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Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?
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certain green vegetables
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Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?
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Broccoli
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A measure of the amount at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed
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bioavailability
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Which of the following is not a trace element?
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calcium
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Which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues?
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Transferrin
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Which of the following is a characteristic of iron absorption?
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Absorption of heme iron is about 50% higher than nonheme iron
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How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption when consumed in the same meal?
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It keeps iron in the reduced ferrous form
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Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?
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Chicken
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Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
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Vitamin C
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Which of the following population groups is least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia?
|
. Men 20-45 years of age
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The most common tests to diagnose iron deficiency include all of the following measures except
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DNA content of red blood cells
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In the United States, iron is currently added to which of the following foods?
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breads and cereals
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All of the following are considered heavy metals except
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iron
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Approximately how much iodized salt must be consumed to meet but not exceed the RDA for iodine?
|
teaspoon ??
choices are 1 mg teaspoon 1 teaspoon 1 tablespoon |
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Which of the following foods has the riches source of iodine?
|
salmon
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The RDA for iodine is
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150 micrograms
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In the United States what is added to salt?
|
iodine
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Simple goiter is caused by a dietary deficiency of
|
iodine
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cretinism is caused by a deficiency of
|
iodine
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a classical sign of zinc deficiency is:
|
growth retardation
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The rare genetic disorders Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease result from abnormal utilization of
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copper
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Which of the following is a feature of copper nutrition?
|
It is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing
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Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper?
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Shellfish
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Fluoride deficiency is best known to lead to
|
dental decay
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Naturally occurring food sources of fluoride include all of the following except
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milk
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Which of the following is known to cause discolored enamel of the teeth?
|
excessive fluoride in the water
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What trace mineral enhances insulin activity?
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chromium
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One of the chief functions of chromium is participation in the metabolism of
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carbohydrates
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Chromium deficiency is characterized by
|
hyperglycemia
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Which of the following is a characteristic of chromium in nutrition?
|
Whole grains represent an excellent source
|
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What trace mineral is part of vitamin B12?
|
cobalt
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Which of the following trace minerals is known to be involved in bone development?
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silicon
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The components of fitness include all of the following except
|
bone fragility
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Substantial health benefits may be achieved by engaging in a moderately intense level of exercise at a frequency of at least
|
2.5 hours/week
|
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Which of the following is not
derived directly from cardiorespiratory conditioning? |
increased flexibility
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For maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least
|
20 minutes
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In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by combining a
|
high number of repetitions with lighter weight
|
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What high-energy compound acts as a reservoir of energy for the maintenance of a steady supply of ATP?
|
creatine phosphate
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What substance contains the chemical energy that drives immediate muscle contraction?
|
ATP
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What is the usual fate of muscle glycogen during exercise?
|
Utilized as a fuel within the muscle cells only
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What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations?
|
Carbohydrates
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A tissue deprived of an oxygen supply (anaerobic) during exercise would develop an accumulation of
|
lactate (lactic acid)
|
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What is the name of the biochemical pathway describing the conversion of lactate to glucose?
|
Cori cycle
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When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as “hitting the wall,” what nutrient is most likely depleted?
|
Glucose
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What type of meal and time of its ingestion promotes the most rapid restoration of glycogen stores after physical activity?
|
High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes
|
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What cellular organelles are responsible for producing ATP aerobically?
|
Mitochondria
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Which of the following describes fat utilization during physical activity?
|
Fat represents the major fuel source during sustained, moderate activity
|
|
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Which of the following is a feature of iron nutrition in athletes?
|
Iron losses occur from accelerated destruction of fragile, older blood cells
|
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Physical performance is noticeably affected when body water loss first reaches
|
2%
|
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All of the following are characteristics of heat stroke except
|
it is rarely fatal
|
|
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Hyponatremia refers to low blood levels of
|
sodium
|
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Which of the following should be a component of a healthy diet for athletes?
|
nutrient-dense foods
|
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All of the following are characteristics of nutrition and pregnancy except
|
underweight has little, if any, effect on fertility.
|
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Which of the following describes the capacity of a man to produce sperm and a woman to periodically produce a normal egg?
|
Fertility
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What is the placenta?
|
An organ from which the infant receives nourishment from the mother
|
|
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A newly fertilized egg is known as a
|
zygote
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What is the term given to the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth?
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fetus
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|
|
Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of
|
3 months, called trimesters
|
|
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All of the following statements are specific to the critical periods of cell division except
|
high-nutrient-density food fed after the critical period can remedy a growth deficit
|
|
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Which of the following is a characteristic of neural tube defects?
|
They are found in about 1,000 newborns in the United States each year
|
|
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Which of the following nutrients taken as a prenatal supplement has been found to be associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects?
|
folate
|
|
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What is the most reliable indicator of an infant’s future health status?
|
infant's birth weight
|
|
|
What is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman?
|
25-35 lbs
|
|
|
All of the following are normal body responses to pregnancy except
|
body water level decreases
|
|
|
To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except
|
saunas
|
|
|
What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake for the third trimester of pregnancy?
|
450 kcal
|
|
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Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells?
|
Folate and vitamin B12
|
|
|
Examine the following menu for a pregnant woman.
Breakfast Lunch Supper • 2 scrambled eggs • 1 crushed wheat English muffin • 1 cup orange juice • 2 pieces (4 oz) fried chicken • 2 wheat rolls w/butter • cup mashed potatoes and gravy • Iced tea • 3 oz pork chop • 1 ear corn on the cob • Lettuce and tomato salad with 2 tbsp dressing • 1 slice bread According to the recommended food intake for pregnancy, which of the following food groups is the only one that is provided in sufficient amounts by this menu? |
meats
|
|
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All of the following reflect a state of iron nutrition in pregnancy except
|
most women enter pregnancy with adequate stores of the mineral.
|
|
|
During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption?
|
calcium and iron
|
|
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The common problems of pregnancy include all of the following except
|
low blood pressure
|
|
|
Which of the following is the standard classification for a low-birth weight infant?
|
5 lbs or less
|
|
|
What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?
|
preeclampsia
|
|
|
What is gestational diabetes?
|
Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational diabetes?
|
It leads to adult-onset diabetes in about a third of the women
|
|
|
With few exceptions, all of the following substances or practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy except
|
artificia sweeteners
|
|
|
What is the risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome for a woman who is 40 years old compared with a 20 year old?
|
much higher
|
|
|
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
|
congenital defects including brain and facial deformation that occur in the fetus when the mother drinks alcohol during the pregnancy
|
|
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Which of the following recommendations for pregnant women and alcohol intake has been issued by the U.S. Surgeon General?
|
They should drink absolutely no alcohol
|
|
|
All of the following are effects of tobacco use in pregnancy except
|
an increased risk for macrosomia
|
|
|
The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately
|
500
|
|
|
Which of the following is a function of prolactin?
|
It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production
|
|
|
A positive relationship exists between sudden infant death syndrome and which of the following behaviors during pregnancy?
|
cigarette smoking
|
|
|
What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birth weight of 8 lbs?
|
24 lbs
|
|
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What is the approximate energy requirement of infants, in kcalories per kilogram body weight?
|
100
|
|
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What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day’s total energy intake?
|
brain
|
|
|
Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients
|
vitamin D
|
|
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Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?
|
five months
|
|
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Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby’s diet?
|
vitamin C and iron
|
|
|
Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain?
|
1600
|
|
|
The food pyramid for children recommends that children 2-5 eat how many cups of fruits and vegetables
|
1.5 cups of vegetables and 1 cup of fruit
|
|
|
Children between 4-18 years old should consume how much fat?
|
between 25 and 35%
|
|
|
How much more total energy does a normal-weight 10 year old need vs. a 1 year old?
|
150%
|
|
|
A reasonable daily fiber intake for a 5 year old would be
|
25g
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children?
|
Iron
|
|
|
A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as
|
anaphylactic shock
|
|
|
A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of
|
epinephrine
|
|
|
Persons who show adverse reactions to foods such as increased pulse rate, nausea, and hives, but do not
show antibodies to the offending foods, are displaying |
food intoleranes
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight?
|
32
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The typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar?
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10
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Marks: 1
Five cans of soft drinks provide approximately how many kcalories? |
750
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Which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in children?
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Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children’s food preferences
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Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child?
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Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity
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Which of the following practices is not among the recommendations to help children develop an interest in vegetables?
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Serve vegetables with the promise that after they are eaten, dessert will follow
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All of the following are features of snacking in children except
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snacking should be prevented
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Which of the following is not among the recommended methods for introducing new foods to children?
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present new foods at the end of the meal
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The single most effective way to teach nutrition to children is by
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example
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What minimum fraction of the RDA for key nutrients for children 10-12 years of age should be provided by public school lunches?
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1/3
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Which of the following is a feature of public school food programs?
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They must follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
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What is the approximate duration of the adolescent growth spurt?
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2 years
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the adolescent period?
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Obesity occurs more often in African-American females
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All of the following are features of the iron RDA for adolescents except
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the frequency of iron deficiency is similar among males and females of the same age.
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Approximately how much caffeine is delivered by a typical cola beverage?
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30-55 mg
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What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?
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over 85 years
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What is the most important predictor of a person’s mobility in the later years?
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regular physical activity
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The relationship of overweight and health risks diminishes with age, starting after age
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65
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What is sarcopenia?
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Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging
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A person with dysphagia has
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difficulty swallowing
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Atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following signs except
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insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin
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Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living
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in nursing homes
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What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes?
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71 years and older
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Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old?
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20
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Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?
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They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth
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What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?
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6
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To prevent and treat the high incidence of constipation in the elderly, all of the following practices are known to be effective except
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taking vitamin B12 injections
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A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is
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poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids
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What nutrients appear to be protective of cataract formation?
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Vitamin C and Vitamin E
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Which of the following foods seems to benefit rheumatoid arthritis in some people?
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Olive oil
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Which of the following is not a common feature of gout?
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it is treated by reducing intake of milk products
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What percentage of U.S. adults are affected by Alzheimer’s disease after age 70?
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10
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Goals of the federal Older Americans Act nutrition program include the provision of all of the following except
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high-cost nutritious meals
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All of the following are features of the Meals on Wheels program except
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it provides the same social benefits as congregate meals
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What fraction of prescription drugs sold in the United States is taken by people over 65 years of age?
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1/3
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Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does not
bear a relationship to diet? |
Pneumonia and influenza
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Which of the following may be classified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
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High C-reactive protein levels
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What disease accounts for the majority of deaths in U.S. women?
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Coronary heart disease
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What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis?
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LDL
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A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be
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insulin resistant
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Which of the following is not one of the factors that would lead a person with high blood pressure to develop the metabolic syndrome?
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diuretic use
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Risk factors for coronary heart disease that can be minimized by behavioral change include all of the following except
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heredity
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To lower a high blood cholesterol level, all of the following are recommended except
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decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy
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The DASH diet is actually the acronym for
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Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
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Which of the following is not among the recommendations by health professionals to treat hypertension?
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Decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium
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People who use diuretics are most at risk of developing imbalances of
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potassium
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In which of the following conditions would the pancreas be unable to synthesize insulin?
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus
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All of the following are among the symptoms of diabetes except
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swollen lymph nodes
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The excessive thirst common in diabetes is known as
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polydipsia
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Which of the following is known to speed up the passage of substances through the large intestine, thereby decreasing exposure time to carcinogens?
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fiber
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Which of the following foods is known to contain abundant amounts of phytonutrients that protect against cancers of the esophagus and endometrium?
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cruciferous vegetables
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Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases except
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kwashiokor
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Which of the following affects the immune system the most?
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protein deficiencies
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Diets rich in fiber, phytochemicals, and the antioxidant nutrients (beta-carotene, Vitamin C and Vitamin E) help protect against chronic diseases.
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true
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What is C- reactive protein?
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an inflammation protein that is predictive of heart attack
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