Nusc 1165 Exam 1

Front 1

Whole vs refined carbs

Back 1

Whole = has many nutrients. Refined = nutrients taken out then fortified/enriched

Front 2

Simple carbs (2 types)

Back 2

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Front 3

Monosaccharides (def and 3 types)

Back 3

Single sugar. Glucose fructose galactose

Front 4

Dissaccharides (def and 3 types)

Back 4

Mono and mono linked. Maltose sucrose across

Front 5

Complex carbs (2 types)

Back 5

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Front 6

Oligosaccharides

Back 6

Short chains less than 10 monosaccharides

Front 7

Polysaccharides

Back 7

Long chains of monosaccharides. Includes starch and fiber

Front 8

How is blood glucose regulated. By what and how

Back 8

by liver and hormones from pancreas. Pancreas secretes insulin to take glucose from blood to muscles

Front 9

Glycolysis

Back 9

1st stage of cellular respiration. Breaks down glucose

Front 10

Glycemic response

Back 10

How quickly and how high blood glucose rises after eating

Front 11

Glycemic index

Back 11

Ranking of how a food affects glycemic response

Front 12

diabetes. Def and 3 types

Back 12

Insuffient production or decreased sensitivity to insulin. Elevated blood glucose levels. Gestational type 1 type 2

Front 13

Gestational diabetes

Back 13

Occurs during pregnancy. Usually disappears after but increased risk of type 2

Front 14

Type 1 diabetes

Back 14

No insulin made in body. Auto immune, body destroys insulin making cells. Younger ppl. 5-10% of cases

Front 15

Type 2 diabetes

Back 15

Insulin is present but cells do not respond or not enough glucose is produced. 90-95%. Diet/lifestyle affect

Front 16

Fiber. Def and benefits to body

Back 16

Complex carb that can't be digested or absorbed. Reduces risk of heart disease. Realizes hemorrhoid and constipation. Protects against colon cancer

Front 17

Artificial sweeteners

Back 17

Provide little to no energy. Help reduce cavities and manage blood sugar

Front 18

Non nutritive sweetners

Back 18

Provide no calories

Front 19

Fatty acid structure

Back 19

Chain of carbons linked to hydrogen atoms with an acid group at one end

Front 20

Short chain fatty acids

Back 20

4-7 carbons. Remain liquid when cold. Milk

Front 21

Medium chain fatty acids

Back 21

8-12 carbons. Solid when cold, liquid at room temp. Coconut oil

Front 22

Long chain fatty acids

Back 22

12+ carbons. Solid. Beef fat

Front 23

Saturated fatty acids

Back 23

Carbon bounded to as many hydrogens as possible. Saturated w hydrogen. Animal fats

Front 24

Monounsaturated fat

Back 24

One double bond on carbon chain

Front 25

Polyunsaturated fat

Back 25

More than one double bond on carbon chain

Front 26

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 26

Some carbons not saturated w hydrogen. Form carbon-carbon double bonds

Front 27

Omega-3 structure

Back 27

Double bond at beginning of chain

Front 28

Omega-6 structure

Back 28

Double bond at end of chain

Front 29

Trams fatty acids

Back 29

Have bend In chain, asymmetry. Raise cholesterol and increase risk of heart disease

Front 30

Hydrogenation

Back 30

Hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats to make them saturated

Front 31

Essential fatty acids

Back 31

Omega 3 and omega 6. Made from linolenic and linoleic acids. CANNOT BE MADE BY BODY MUST BE EATEN

Front 32

Triglycerides structure

Back 32

3 fatty acids attatched to a glycerol molecule

Front 33

Monoglyceride

Back 33

1 fatty acid and glycerol molecule

Front 34

Diglyceride

Back 34

2 fatty acid and glycerol molecule

Front 35

Phospholipid def

Back 35

Type of lipid attached to a phosphate group

Front 36

Phsophoglycerides

Back 36

Main class of phospholipids. 2 fatty acid and glycerol. Act as emulsifiers(able to mix w water and fat) and from lipid bilayer (regulates stuff going in and out of cell membranes)

Front 37

Major lipid producing organ

Back 37

Liver

Front 38

Function of lipoproteins

Back 38

Transport water insoluble lipids by covering them to go thru membrane

Front 39

Composition of lipoproteins

Back 39

Combination do water insoluble lipids, phospholipids , and proteins

Front 40

Chylomicrons

Back 40

Transport long chain fatty acids to lymphatic system and blood stream with OUT passing thru liver

Front 41

High LDL level =

Back 41

Increase risk of heart disease

Front 42

Function of LDLS (low density lipoproteins)

Back 42

Deliver cholesterol to cells

Front 43

Reverse cholesterol transport

Back 43

HDLs bring cholesterol back to liver to be eliminated because most cells can't break it down. Hdl is good

Front 44

LDL receptors

Back 44

Allows LDL contents (cholesterol) to be taken up into cells

Front 45

Lipid function in body

Back 45

Structure and lubrication

Front 46

Eiconsanoids

Back 46

Help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and immune function. Made from omega 3 and 6

Front 47

Micelles

Back 47

Particles in small intestine that facilitate fat absorption

Front 48

Atherosclerosis

Back 48

Cardiovascular disease where lipids deposit on artery walls. Leads to blockage and heart attack

Front 49

Oxidized LDL cholesterol

Back 49

Substance formed when LDL is oxidized. Key in development of artherosclerosis because it contributes to inflammation

Front 50

Most adundant protein

Back 50

Collagen

Front 51

Protein functions (6)

Back 51

Speed up metabolic process. Move substances in and out of cells. Help immune system. Help muscles move. Chemical messengers. Regulate fluid and balance acid-bases

Front 52

Amino acids. Def and strucure

Back 52

Building blocks of proteins. Central carbon atom bound to hydrogen atom, amino group, acid group, and side chain

Front 53

Peptide bonds

Back 53

Chemical bond that links 2 amino acids. Formed between acid group and nitrogen atoms

Front 54

Denaturation

Back 54

Alteration of proteins 3D structure

Front 55

Transamination

Back 55

Process that makes nonessential amino acids

Front 56

Amino acid pool

Back 56

All amino acid and tissues and fluid that are available for use by the body

Front 57

Deamination

Back 57

Removes amino group from from protein. Eliminates nitrogen thru urea. so the amino acids can provide energy

Front 58

Protein digestion. Where. By what

Back 58

Mostly in small intestine by pancreatic digesting enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin

Front 59

Nitrogen balanxe

Back 59

Amount of nitrogen consumed compared w amount excreted

Front 60

Protein synthesis

Back 60

Transcription and translation

Front 61

Transcription

Back 61

First. Copying on DNA code in mRNA

Front 62

Translation

Back 62

Second. tRNA translates message from mRNA and delivers correct amino acids to polypeptide chain

Front 63

Protein energy malnutritin

Back 63

Protein and energy deficiency disease

Front 64

Kwashiorkor

Back 64

Type if PEM where Only protein is deficient. Swollen belly

Front 65

Marasmus

Back 65

PEM where energy and protein deficiency cause body to waste away