Nursing Theories 3Rd Year

Front 1

Curriculum Era

Back 1

- 1920's and 1930's
- The developement of curricula beyond physiological and pathophysiological knowledge to social sciences, pharmacology, and nursing procedures.

Front 2

Research Era

Back 2

- 1940 and 1950's
- "Nursing Research" first journal in 1952
- Overlaps with graduate era

Front 3

Theory Era

Back 3

- 1980 to 1990
- stimulated growth
- the cornerstone of nursing
- Fawcett contributed the metaparadigm of understanding nursing knowledge
- Based on Kuhn's ideas of person, environment, health, and nursing

Front 4

Graduate Era

Back 4

- 1960 and 1970
- Master's program now included research, specialty practice, leadership, theories and models
- Frameworks began being published

Front 5

Theory Utilization Era

Back 5

- Theory-based nursing practice
- Essential forprogress as a profession and discipline
- To recognize the framework for critical thinking and decision making

Front 6

Areas of nursing models

Back 6

1) Medical conditions
2) Human development
3) Interventions or nursing role

Front 7

Dorothy Johnson

Back 7

Behavioral System Model
-1959 to 1980
- focus on human needs, care, comfort, and stress reduction.

Front 8

King

Back 8

General Systems Framework
- 1964
- Focus on personal, interpersonal, and social systems
- King's conceptual framework
- Theory of Goal Attainment
- KING (King Internation Nursing Group) is organization for nurses who support

Front 9

Levine

Back 9

Conservation Model
- Moved nursing away from the medical model
-1966
- Focus on adaptation as a way to maintain wholeness of the person

Front 10

Neuman

Back 10

- Neuman Systems Model
- 1972
- Incorporates concepts of adaptation, and client wholism, with strong emphasis on stress in the environment
- Most recognized and used
- Neuman Systems Model Trustees Group

Front 11

Orem

Back 11

- To define the domain of nursing
- Framework for nursing curricula development
- Unchanged since 1970
- Usefull in all aspects of nursing
- International Orem Society for Nursing Science and Scolarship

Front 12

Martha Rogers

Back 12

Science of Unitary Human Beings
- Focus on unitary human beings as the phenomenon of nursing
- Rejects causality
- Beyond reciprocal interaction world view
- Uses pandimensional view of people and their world
- Consistant with simultaneous action worldview
- The Society for Rogerian Scholars

Front 13

Sister Callista Roy

Back 13

- Roy Adaptation model drawn from systems theory and adaptation-level theory
- New view of nursing
- Roy was able to weave nonnursing disciplines as well as nurse scientists into her own thoughts

Front 14

Florence Nightingale 1859

Back 14

Environment/Sanitation
Goal of nursing is to put patient in best condition for nature to act upon him, primarily by altering the environment

Hint 14

Environment/Sanitation

Front 15

Myra Levine 1969

Back 15

Conservation and Adaptation
Nursing means the nurse interposes her/his skills and knowledge into the course of events that affect the patient. When influencing adaptation favorably, the nurse is acting in a therapeutic sense. When the nursing intervention cannot alter the course of adaptation, the nurse is acting in a supportive sense.

Hint 15

Conservation & Adaptation

Front 16

Jean Watson 1979-1988

Back 16

Caring
The essence and central unifying focus for nursing practice is caring, a transpersonal value. Nurse behaviors are defined as 10 carative factors. Focuses on the spiritual subjective aspects of both nurse and patient and the "caring moment" relating to the time when nurse and patient first come together.

Hint 16

Caring

Front 17

Dorothy Orem 1980

Back 17

Self Care
Nursing is concerned with the individual's need for self-care action, which is the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining health and well being.

Hint 17

Self Care

Front 18

Dorothy E. Johnson 1980

Back 18

Systems Approach
Nursing is an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient's behavior at an optimal level, under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to physical or social health, or in which illness is found.

Hint 18

Systems Approach

Front 19

Imogene M. King 1981

Back 19

Open Systems approach
The focus of nursing is the care of human beings resulting in the health of individuals and health care for groups, who are viewed as open systems in constant interaction with their environments.

Hint 19

Open Systems approach

Front 20

Betty Neuman 1982

Back 20

Systems approach
Nursing responds to individuals, groups and communities, who are in constant interaction with environmental stressors that create disequilibrium. A critical element is the client's ability to react to stress and factors that assist with reconstitution or adaptation.

Hint 20

Systems approach

Front 21

Sister Callista Roy 1984

Back 21

Adaptation
The goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptive responses (those things that positively influence health) that are affected by the person's ability to respond to stimuli. Nursing involves manipulating stimuli to promote adaptive responses.

Hint 21

Adaptation

Front 22

Martha E. Rogers 1984

Back 22

Science of unitary man
Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian, directed toward the unitary human, and concerned with the nature and direction of human development.

Hint 22

Science of unitary man

Front 23

Orem's self care deficit is based on the ideals of which theorist

Back 23

Virginia Henderson

Front 24

Nightingale's theory:
Her priorities were ________. Strategies to change ________. Evaluation of ____________.

Back 24

1. the environment,
2. environment,
3. whether environment was assisting the patient.

Front 25

Two "System Theorists"

Back 25

Dorothy Johnson
Betty Neuman

Front 26

Behavioral System Model

Back 26

Dorothy Johnson

Front 27

Theory: "Adaptation Model"

Back 27

Sister Callista Roy

Front 28

Believes the person is in constant interaction with his environment. The environment changes, and the person must adapt.

Back 28

Sister Callista Roy

Front 29

Roy's four modes of adaptation:

Back 29

1) Physiological needs
2) Self-concept
3) Role Function
4) Interdependence relations

Front 30

Roy's Adaptation Model:
Goal of patient and nurse...

Back 30

To get stimuli into an acceptable zone.

Front 31

Roy's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 31

1. Need to adapt
2. Assisting adaptation in any of the four modes of adaptation
3. Patient's degree of stimuli into acceptable zones.

Front 32

Theory: "Health Care System" model

Back 32

Betty Neuman

Front 33

Neuman relies on Gestault theory that states:

Back 33

the whole is more than the sum of its individual parts.

Front 34

In lay terms...Gestault's theory

Back 34

People are more than just a collection of physical organs.

Front 35

"Stress is an intruder" : ? Model

Back 35

Neuman

Front 36

Neuman's three levels of prevention and their meaning.

Back 36

1) Primary prevention: before stressor
2) Secondary prevention: after stressor
3) Tertiary prevention: with restoration of balance

Front 37

Model that:
Describes patient's lines of defense, the stressors, and the need to promote equilibrium.

Back 37

Neuman

Front 38

Model: That is compared to the medical model and is much used to suggest nursing actions for prevention in various education and practice settings.

Back 38

Neuman

Front 39

Neuman's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 39

1. Prevention of pt's stress
2. Would be selected to reduce stress and prevent new problems
3. Would be done to see if stress was reduced and new problems prevented,

Front 40

Theory: "Self Care Deficit"

Back 40

Dorothea Orem

Front 41

Theorizes that a person does self care daily. When pt's resources are depleted and he cannot do self-care, deficit results that can be met by nursing systems.

Back 41

Orem

Front 42

Promotes the idea that nurses select and use interventions to assist pts w/ self care in order to contribute to the maintenance and promotion of the patient's structure, function and development.

Back 42

Orem

Front 43

Orem's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 43

1. Patient's self care
2. increase self care
3. evaluate to what degree patient is able to care for himself.

Front 44

Theory: "Human Science and Human Care"

Back 44

Jean Watson

Front 45

Theorist, stresses on the word "care".

Back 45

Watson

Front 46

Theory based on belief that people strive for a sense of inner harmony, and that the goals of nursing are unity and harmony.

Back 46

Jean Watson

Front 47

Watson's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 47

1. harmony
2. increase unity and harmony
3. eval. degree to which harmony was increased.

Front 48

Theory: "Transcultural Care Model"

Back 48

Madeleine Leninger

Front 49

Theorist, belief the essence of nursing is caring.

Back 49

Leninger

Front 50

Theory states, the patterns of caring that develop can be seen and can be systematically observed, and from those patterns of caring we can develop a "science of caring".

Back 50

Madeleine Leininger

Front 51

Theory...Culture is defined as the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms and life way practices that guide the thinking, decisions, and actions of a particular group in patterned ways.

Back 51

Leininger

Front 52

Believes there are three commonalities of care across all cultures, but predicts that there are fewer universals than diversities because people and their situations are so different. Thus, it is vital that nurses give care that is based on knowledge of and respect for, the differing cultures of their patients

Back 52

Leininger

Front 53

Leininger theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 53

1. culture of the patient
2. take into account the culture
3. encompass the degree to which the culture was respected

Front 54

List the four stages of the therapeutic relationship

Back 54

1) orientation
2) working
3) exploitation of the relationship
4) resolution

Front 55

Her theory was to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.

Back 55

Florence Nightingale

Front 56

Who is Florence Nightengale?

Back 56

1)The founder of modern nursing.
2)Connected poor sanitation to cholera and dysentery.
3)She believed a nurse should provide adequate nutrition, light, fresh air, warmth, quiet, and cleanliness.

Front 57

What is Orem’s Theory?

Back 57

She believed that nursing emphasizes on giving clients the ability of self-care. “Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs

Front 58

What is Neuman’s Theory?

Back 58

She saw nursing as a way to assist individuals, families, and groups. The goal is to maintain the highest level of total wellness. She believed that nursing actions focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.

Front 59

What is Leininger’s Theory?

Back 59

believes the essence of nursing is care. You need to care for the patient appropriately no matter what culture your patient is affiliated with.

Front 60

What is Roy’s Theory?

Back 60

Her adaptation theory shows the goal of nursing is to help a person “adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness

Front 61

What is Watson’s Theory?

Back 61

She believes “the action of nursing is directed at understanding the interrelationship between health, illness, and human behavior. She believes nursing is used to restore health or prevent illness

Front 62

What are the 6 levels of healthcare?

Back 62

1) Preventive (education and prevention)
2) Primary (early protection and routine care)
3) Secondary (Critical care)
4) Teriary Care (Special care)
5) Restorative care: follow up care, rehab, and home care.
6) Continuing care: long term, chronic, Hospice, and personal care.

Front 63

What are the 3 levels of prevention?

Back 63

1) Primary: Health promotion and illness prevention.
2) Secondary: occurs during a health problem who are at risk for developing complications or worsening of condition.
3) Tertiary care: occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible.

Front 64

CNO Standards

Back 64

1) Regulates it self to protect the public
2) to establish practice standards and
guidelines for how nurses do what they do in
an effective, safe and ethical manner. Nurses
are legally obliged to adhere to these practice
standards

Front 65

Why Practice standards?

Back 65

CNO provides leadership for nursing. Self-regulation is made possible and to provide quality care in Ontario by maintaining competence through quality assurance (QA).

Front 66

What are the components?

Back 66

The major components are
1) professional standards
2) practice standards and guidelines
3) legislation and regulations