Nursing: The Developing Family

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Birthrate

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Number of live births per 1000 population.

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Infant Mortality Rate

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Number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given population per year.

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Maternal Mortality Rate

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The number of maternal deaths from any cause during the pregnancy cycle per 100,000 live births.

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Acculturation

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The process by which people adapt to a new cultural norm.

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Ethnicity

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A social identity that is associated with shared beliefs, behaviors, and patterns.

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Amniotic fluid

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The liquid surrounding the fetus in utero. It absorbs shocks, permits fetal movement and prevents heat loss.

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Bag of water

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The membrane containing the amniotic fluid and the fetus.

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Ductus arteriosus

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A communications channel between the main pulmonary artery and he aorta of the fetus. It is obliterated after birth by rising PO2 and changes in intravascular pressure in the presence of normal pulmonary functioning. It normally become a ligament after birth but sometimes remains patent (patent ductus arteriosus, a treatable condition)

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Ductus venosus

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A fetal blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver; it becomes a ligament after birth.

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Embryo

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The early stage of development of the young of any organism. In humans the embryonic period is from about 2 to 8 weeks gestation and is characterized by cellular differentiation and predominantly hyperplastic growth.

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Amniotic fluid

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The liquid surrounding the fetus in utero. It absorbs shocks, permits fetal movement and prevents heat loss.

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Ductus Arteriosus

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A communication channel between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta of the fetus. It is obliterated after the birth by rising PO2 and changes in intravascular pressure in the presence of normal pulmonary functioning. It normally becomes a ligament after birth but sometimes remains patent.

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Ductus Venosus

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A fetal blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver; it becomes a ligament after birth.

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Embryo

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The early stage of development of the young of any organism. In humans the embryonic period is from about 2 to 8 weeks' gestation and is characterized by cellular differentiation and predominantly hyperplastic growth.

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Fertilization

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Impregnation of an ovum by a spermatozoon; conception.

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Fetus

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The child in utero from about the seventh to ninth week of gestation until birth.

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Foramen Ovale

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Special opening between the atria of the fetal heart. Normally, the opening closes shortly after birth; if it remains open, it can be repaired surgically.

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Lanugo

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Fine, downy hair found on all body parts of the fetus, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, after 20 weeks' gestation.

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Placenta

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Specialized disk shaped organ that connects the fetus to the uterine wall for gas and nutrient exchange. also called afterbirth.

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Umbilical Cord

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The structure connecting te placenta to the umbilicus of the fetus and through which nutrients from the woman are exchanged for wastes from the fetus.

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Bag of Water (BOW)

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The membrane containing the amniotic fluid and the fetus.

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Vernix Caseosa

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A protective, cheeselike, whitish substance made up of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells that is present on the fetal skin.

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Ballottement

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A technique of palpation to detect or examine a floating object in the body. In obstetrics, the fetus, when pushed, floats away and then returns to touch the examiner's fingers.

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Braxton Hicks Contractions

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Intermittent painless contractions of the uterus that may occur every 10 to 20 minutes. They occur more frequently the end of pregnancy and are sometimes mistaken for true labor signs.

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Chadwick’s Sign

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Violet bluish color of the vaginal mucous membrane caused by increased vascularity; visible from about the fourth week of pregnancy.

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Chloasma

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(melasma gravidarum) Brownish pigmentation over the bridge of the nose and the cheeks during pregnancy and in some women who are taking oral contraceptives. Also called mask of pregnancy.

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Colostrum

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Secretion from the breast before the onset of true lactation; contains mainly serum and white blood corpuscles. It has a high protein content, provides some immune properties, and cleanses the newborn's intestinal tract of mucus and meconium.

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Goodell’s Sign

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Softening of the cervix that occurs during the second month of pregnancy.

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Hegar’s Sign

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A softening of the lower uterine segment found upon palpation in the second or third month of pregnancy.

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Linea Nigra

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The line of darker pigmentation extending from the umbilicus to the pubis noted in some women during the later months of pregnancy.

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Quickening

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The first fetal movements felt by the pregnant woman, usually between 16 and 18 weeks' gestation.

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Striae Gravidarum

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Stretch marks; shiny puplish lines that appear on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, and buttocks of pregnant women as a result of stretching the skin.

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Amniocentesis

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Removal of amniotic fluid by insertion of a needle into the amniotic sac; amniotic fluid is used to assess fetal health or maturity.

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Antepartum

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Time between conception and the onset of labor, usually used to describe the period during which a woman is pregnant.

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Biophysical Profile (BPP)

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Assessment of five variables in the fetus that help to evaluate fetal risk: breathing movement, body movement, tone, amniotic fluid volume, and fetal heart rate reactivity.

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Ultrasound

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High frequency sound waves that may be directed, through the use of a transducer, into the maternal abdomen. The ultrasonic sound waves reflected by the underlying structures of varying densities allow identification of various maternal and fetal tissues, bones and fluids.

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Estimated Date of delivery(EDD)

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During a pregnancy, the approximate date when childbirth will occur; the "due date".

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Gestation

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Period of intrauterine development from conception through birth; pregnancy.

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Gravida

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A pregnant woman.

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Intrapartum

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The time from the onset of true labor until the birth of the infant and expulsion of the placenta.

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Para

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A woman who has borne offspring who reached the age of viability.

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Multipara

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Woman who has had more than one pregnancy in which the fetus was viable.

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Nullipara

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A woman who has not given birth to a viable fetus.

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Primipara

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A woman who has given birth to her first child (past the point of viability), whether or not that child is living or was alive at birth.

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Postpartum

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After childbirth.

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Primigravida

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A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

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Multigravida

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Woman who has been pregnant more than once.

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Nagele’s rule

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A method of determining the estimated date of birth (EDB): after obtaining the first day of the last menstrual period, subtract 3 months and add 7 days.

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Nulligravida

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A woman who has never been pregnant.

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Preterm Labor

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Labor occurring between 20 and 38 weeks of pregnancy. Also called premature labor.