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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adventitious Sounds
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A breath sound that is not normally heard, shush as a crackle, gurgle, honchos, or wheeze. It may be superimposed or normal breath sounds.
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Alveolus, Alveoli
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A small out pouching along the walls of the alveolar sacs through which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
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Angle of Louis
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The sternal angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum.
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Anterior Axillary Line
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An imaginary vertical line on the body wall continuing the line of the anterior axillary fold with the upper arm.
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Apex
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The pointed lower boarder of the heart. It is directed downward, forward, and to the left and is usually located at the level of the fifth intercostal space.
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Apnea
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An absence of spontaneous respiration.
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Barrel Chest
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A large, rounded thorax, as in the inspiratory phase, consider normal in some stocky individuals and certain others who lived in high-altitude areas and consequently have increased vital capacity. Sign of Pulmonary emphysema.
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Base of Lungs
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A broad and concave area that rests on the convex surface of the diaphragm and moves up during expiration and then moves down during inspiration.
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Bradypnea
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An abnormal low rate of breathing (lower than 12 breaths/min)
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Bronchial Breath Sounds
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A normal sound heard with a stethoscope over the main airway of the lungs, especially the trachea. Expiration and inspiration produce noise of equal loudness and duration, sounding like blowing through a hollow tube. The expiratory sound is heard during the greater part of expiration, whereas the inspiration sound stops abruptly a the height of inspiration, with a pause before the sound of expiration is heard.
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Bronchovesicular Sounds
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One of three normal breath sounds that occur between the sounds of the bronchial tubes and those of the alveoli or a combination of the two sounds.
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Costovertebral
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Of or relating to the rib and the vertebral column. The angle is formed by the lateral and downward curve of the lowest rib and the vertical column of the spine itself. Tenderness to percussion her is a common finding in pyelonephritis and other infection of the kidney and adjacent structures.
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Costal Margin
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Medial margins formed by the false ribs.
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Cough
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A sudden audible expulsion of the air from the lungs. Preceded by inspiration, the glottis is partially closed, and the accessory muscles of expiration contract to expel the air forcibly from the respiratory passages.
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Crackles
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A common, abnormal respiratory sound consisting of discontinuous bubbling noises heard on auscultation of the chest during inspiration. Popping sound produced by air entering distal bronchioles or alveoli that contain serous secretions, as in congestive heart failure, pneumonia, or tuberculosis.
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Dyspnea
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A distressful subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing that may be caused by many disorders, including certain heart and respiratory conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety.
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Eupnea
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Normal quiet breathing at a rate of 12 to 20 breaths per minute in adults.
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Hemoptysis
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Coughing up blood from the reparatory tract. Blood-streaked sputum often is present in minor upper reparatory infections or bronchitis.
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Hypoxia
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Inadequate oxygen tension at the cellular level, characterized by tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion.
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Intercostal Space
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The region between the ribs.
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Midaxillary Line
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An imaginary vertical line that passes midway between the anterior and posterior axillary folds.
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Midclavicular Line
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An imaginary line that extends downward over the trunk from the midpoint of the clavicle, dividing each side of the anterior chest into two parts. Its an important marker in describing the location of various cardiac phenomena, including the point of maximum impulse.
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Orthopnea
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An abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand to breath deeply or comfortably. It occurs in many disorders of the cardiac and respiratory systems, such as asthma, pulmonary eden, emphysema, pneumonia, congestive hart failure, and angina pectoris. Assessment includes noting the number of pillows used by the patient.
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Pectus Carinatum
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A congenital structural defect characterized by a prominent anterior project of the xiphoid and lower part of the sternum and by a lengthening of the costal cartilages. It may cause cardiorespiratory complications but rarely warrants surgical correction. (Also called Pigeon-Breasted).
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Pectus Excavatum
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A skeletal abnormality of the chest characterized by a depressed sternum. The deformity may not interfere with breathing, but surgical correction is often recommend for cosmetic regions. (Also called Funnel Chest).
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Pleural Friction Rub
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An abnormal coarse, grating sound heard on auscultation of the lungs during late inspiration and early expiration. It occurs when the visceral and parietal pleural surfaces rub against each other. Indicates primary inflammatory, neoplastic, or traumatic pleural disease or inflammation secondary to infection or neoplasm.
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Posterior Axillary Line
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A vertical line extending inferiorly from the posterior axillary fold.
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Rhonchi
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An abnormal sound heard on auscultation of an airway obstructed by thick secretions, muscular spasm, neoplasm, or external pressure. The continuous rumbling sound is more pronounced during expiration and characteristically clears on coughing, whereas gurgles do not.
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Sputum
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Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated through the mouth. It contains mucus, cellular debris, or microorganisms, and it also may contain blood or pus. The amount, color, and constitutes of the substance are important in the diagnosis of many illnesses, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, cancer o the lungs, and the pneumoconiosis.
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Stridor
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An abnormal high-pitched musical sound caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. It is usually heard during inspiration. Stridor may indicate several neoplastic or inflammatory conditions, including glottic edema, asthma, diphtheria, laryngospasm, and papilloma.
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Suprasternal Notch
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The large notch in the manubrium of sternum.
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Tachypnea
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An abnormally rapid rate of breathing (More than 20 breaths per minute in adults), such as seen with hyperpyrexia.
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Vesicular Breath Sounds
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a normal sound of rustling or swishing heard with a stethoscope over the lung periphery. It characteristically has a higher pitch during inspiration and fades rapidly during expiration.
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Wheezes
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A form of rhonchus, characterized by a high-pitched or low-pitched musical quality. It is caused by a high-velocity flow of air through a narrowed airway and is heard during both inspiration and expiration. It may be caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, or obstruction of the airway by a tumor or foreign body. Also associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis.
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Xiphoid Process
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The smallest of three parts of the sternum, articulating with the inferior end of the body of the sternum above and laterally with the seventh rib. Several muscles of the abdominal wall are attached to it.
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Angina
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Spasomodic, cramplike choking due to insufficient oxygen supply to the myocardium, it is commonly caused by coronary artery disease.
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Apical Impulse
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The most inferolateral point of visible palpable pulsation of the chest wall that is due to movement of the apex of the heart, at the left midclavicular line and the fifth intercostal space.
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Atherosclerosis
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Common disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, other lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of arteries. Associated most often with aging, tobacco use, and obesity.
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Arrhythmia
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Any deviation from the normal pattern of the heartbeat.
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Base of the Heart
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The portion of the heart opposite of the apex.
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Bruit
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An abnormal blowing or wishing sound or murmur heard while osculating the carotid artery. the aorta, an organ, or a gland, it is the result of blood flowing through a narrow or partially occluded artery.
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Capillary Refill
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There rate at which blood refills empty capillaries. Its down on the nail to notice the time it takes for the color to come back.
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Cardiomegaly
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Enlargement of the heart.
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Claudicatio
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Cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation of the blood to the leg muscles. Commonly associated with atherosclerosis.
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the hear hand blood vessels. Leading cause of death in the United States.
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Diaphoresis
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Sweating
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Diastole
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The period between contractions of the atria and the ventricles during which blood enters the relaxed chambers from the systemic circulation and the lungs.
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Deep Vein Thrombosis
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A disorder involving a thrombus in one of the deep veins of the body most commonly the iliac or femoral vein.
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Erb's Point
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The third intercostal space on the left sternal border where S2 is best auscultated.
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Electrocardiogram
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A graphic record produced by an electrocardiograph, a device for recording electric conduction through the heart.
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Gallop
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A third and fourth heart sound, which at certain heart rates sometimes sounds like the gait of a horse.
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Heave
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Lift or haul of the chest.
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Lift
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Rising of the chest.
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Left Sternal Border
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Where both the tricuspid and S3 heart sounds are heard the best.
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Murmur
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Gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound, such as a hear murmur, susceptible to auscultation.
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Orthostatic Hypotenion
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Abnormally low blood pressure that occurs when an individual suddenly assumes the standing posture. It can produce dizziness or fainting.
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Palpitation
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A pounding or racing of the heart. It is associated with normal emotional responses and with heart disorders.
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Phlebitis
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Inflammation of a vein accompanied by the formation of a clot. Occurs commonly as the result of trauma to the vessel wall.
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Precordium
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The part of the front chest wall that overlays the heart and the epigastrium.
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Pulse Deficit
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A condition in which a peripheral pulse rate is less than the ventricular contraption rate as osculated at the apex of the heart or seen on the electrocardiogram, indicating a lack of peripheral perfusion.
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Regurgitation
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The backward flow of blood through a defective heart valve.
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Right Sternal Boarder (RBS)
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Where the pulmonic and aortic sounds are best heard.
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Stenosis
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An abnormal condition characterized by the constriction or narrowing of an opening or passageway in the body structure.
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Systole
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The contraction of the heart, driving blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
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Thrill
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A fine vibration, felt by an examiner's hand on a patient's body over the site of an aneurysm or the pericordium resulting from turmoil in the flow of blood and indicating the presence of an organic murmur or grade 4 or greater.
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Aortic Aneurysm
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Localized dilation of the wall of the aorta cause by atherosclerosis, hypertension, connective tissue disease such as Marfan's or less frequently syphilis. The lesion may be saccular dissension or a fusiform or cylindrical swelling of a length of a the vessel.
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Anuria
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The absence of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day. Can be caused by failure or kidney dysfunction, a decline in blood pressure below that require to maintain filtration pressure in the kidney, or an obstruction in the urinary passages.
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Anus
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The outlet at the terminal end of the anal canal lyon in the fold between the buttocks.
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Bacteriuria
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The presence of of bacteria in the urine. The presence of more than 100,000 pathogenic bacteria per milliliter of urine is usually considered significant and diagnostic of urinary tract infection. May be asymptomatic.
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Constipation
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Diffiulty passing stools or incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools. There are many causes both organic and functional. Among the organic causes are intestinal obstruction, diverticulitis and tumors. Functional impairment of the colon may occur in elderly or bedridden patients who fails to respond to urge to defecate. If it is not organically caused the nurse can encourage diet and exercise.
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Costal Margin
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Is the medial margin formed by the false ribs and one true rib. Specifically, from the 7th rib to the 10th rib.
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Cystitis
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An inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder and ureters, characterized by pain, urgency, and frequency of urination, and hematuria. It may be caused by a bacterial infection, calculus, or tumors. Increased sexual activity in women can cause cysts and certain veneral diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia may cause cystitis-like symptoms.
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Defecation
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The elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum.
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Diarrhea
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The frequent passage of loose watery stool. The stool may also contain mucus, pus, blood, or excessive amounts of fat. It is usually a symptom of some underlying disorder.
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Dysuria
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Painful, burning urination, often caused by a bacterial infection, inflammation or obstruction of the urinary tract. Laboratory examination of the urine may reveal the presence of blood, bacteria or white blood cells.
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Epicgstric
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Pertaining to the epigastrium, the area above the stomach.
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Fissure
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A cleft or groove on the surface of an organ often making its divisions into parts, such as the lobes of the lung.
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Flank
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The posterior portion of the body between the ribs and the ilium flank pain is sometimes associated with the kidney.
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Flatus/Flatulence
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Air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum.
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Guarding
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A rigid contraction of the abdominal wall muscles usually occurring as an involuntary reaction to the pain of a visceral disease or disorder postoperative discomfort. Also called abdominal splinting. May result in hypoventilation and respiratory complications.
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Hematemesis
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Vomiting off bright red blood, indicating upper GI bleeding, commonly associated with esophageal varicose or peptic ulcer. There rate and the source of the bleeding are determined by endoscopic examination.
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Hematuria
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Abnormal present of blood in the urine. Is symptomatic of many renal is ease and disorders of the genitourinary system. Microscopic examination of the patient are usually preformed.
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Hemorrhoids
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A varicosity in the lower rectum or anus caused by congestion in the veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus.
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Melena
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Abnormal black gary stool that has a distinctive odor and contains digested blood. It usually results from bleeding in the upper GI tract and it is often a sign of peptic ulcer or small bowel disease.
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Nocturia
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Excessive urination at night. It may be symptoms of cardiac, renal, or prosaic disease or bladder outlet obstruction. tThe condition may also occur in people who drink excessive amounts of fluids, particularly alcohol or coffee before bedtime or in older patients who have excess body fluids that are mobilized by lying down.
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Oliguira
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A diminished capacity to form and pass urine-lss than 500 mL in every 24 hours--So that the end productions of metabolism.
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Paralytic Ileus
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A decrease in or absence of intestinal peristalsis. It may occur after abdominal surgery or peritoneal injury or be associate with severe pyelonephritis; ureteral stone; fracture ribs; myocardial infarction; extensive intestinal ulceration; heavy metal poisoning, porphyria; retroperitoneal hematomas.
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Peritonitis
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An inflammation of the peritoneum. It is produced by the bacteria or irritating substances introduced into the abdominal cavity by penetrating wound or perforation of an organ in the GI tract or the reproductive tract.
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Pyelonephritis
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A diffuse pyogenic infection of the pelvis and parenchyma of the kidney. Acute pyelonephritis usually results from an infection that ascends from the lower urinary tract to the kidney.
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Rectum
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The lower part of the large intestine, about 12 cm long, continuous with the descending sigmoid colon, proximal to the anal canal. It follows the sacrococcygeal curve, ends in the anal canal, and usually contains three transverse semilunar folds: one situated proximally on the right side, a second one extending inward from the left side, and the third and largest fold projecting caudally.
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Striae
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A streak or a linear scar that often result from rapidly developing tension in the skin, such as seen on the abdomen after pregnancy. Purplish ones are among the classic findings in hyperadrenocorticism.
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Suprapubic
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Pertaining to a location above the symphysis pubis.
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Umbilicus/ Umbilical
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The point on the abdomen at with the umbilical cord joined the fetal abdomen. In most adults it is marked by depression. In some persons it is marked by a small protrusion of skin. It interrupts the linea alba about halfway between the infrasternal notch and the pubic symphonies.
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Urinalysis
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A physical, microscopic, or chemical examination of urine. The specimen is physically examined for color, turbidity, and specific gravity. Then it is spun in a centrifuge to allow collection of a small amount of sediment, which is examined microscopically for blood cells, casts, crystals, pus, an bacteria. Chemical analysis may be preformed to measure the pH and to identify and measure the elves of ketones, sugar, protein, blood components, and many other substances.
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Urinary Tract Infection
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An infection of one or more structures in the urinary system. Most are caused by gram-negative bacteria, most commonly Esherichia coli or species of Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, or Enterobacter, although other strains, such as Staphylococcus and Serratia are emerging. More common in women than men. May be asymptomatic but it usually characterized by urinary frequency, burning pain with voiding, and if the infection in severe, visible blood and pus in the urine.
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Venous Hum
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Continuous murmur heard on the auscultation over the major veins at the base of the neck and around the umbilicus. It is most audible in the neck when the patient is anemic, upright, and looking to the contralateral side. It is also hear in some healthy, young individuals.
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What is the most common respiratory symptom?
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Cough
-Natural protective mechanism to clear the airway of secretions/irritants |
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Key Questions to ask about a cough:
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-How long (Chronic >3 weeks)
-Is it productive (if so, what color?) -Are you taking anything for it? -Anyone else have similar symptoms? -What other symptoms exist? (Fever, Dyspnea-Respiratory Distress) -Have you seen PCP? |
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What are the nurse's responsibilities to a patient with a cough?
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-Acute or Chronic
-Productive or non-productive -Associated with a fever (especially high fever lasting longer than 2-3 days) -Associated with signs of respiratory distress (Cyanosis, retractions, nasal flaring, labored breathing) |
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Nursing interventions for a Cough that is not chronic or productive:
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-Encourage lots of fluids to thin out secretions
-Encourage warm water with honey and lemon -Suck on hard sugarless candy (Soothe the throat and stimulate saliva) -Eat chicken soup (Provides good fluids and proteins) -Take a hot shower, use a humidifier, and try saline nose drops. |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
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-An irreversible condition
-Includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema -Characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction -Most patients have a history of cigarette smoking |
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Emphysema
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An abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, with destruction f their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
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Chronic Bronchitis
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Characterized by excessive secretion of bronchial much and is manifest by productive cough for 3 months or more in at lease 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other disease that might account for this symptom.
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Physical Signs of Emphysema
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-Thin wasted
-Accessory muscles hypertrophied -AP diameter increased -Percussion hyperresonant -Ausculatory diminished breath sounds |
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Chronic Bronchitis
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-Stocky, obese
-Unremarkable -AP diameter normal -Percussion normal -Auscualtory wheezes, rhonchi |
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Cystic Fibrosis
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-Generalized autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine glands
-There is an abnormal mucus secretion that obstructs glands and ducts -Pulmonary maifestatons occur in all patients who survive infancy |
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Asthma
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2nd most common chronic illness in children
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Nursing Interventions for Asthma
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-Control exposure to triggers
-Adequate management with medications -Use objective motors to monitor -Educate patients to become partners with their healthcare providers |
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AP vs. Transverse Diameter
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-If the two values are equal then they have a barrel chest. (1:1)
-Normal ratios are 1:2 or 1:3 |
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Air Trapping
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Increasing difficulty in getting air out.
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Cheyne-Strokes
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Varying periods of increasing depth interspersed with apnea.
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Kussmaul
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Rapid, deep, and labored breathing.
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Things other than lungs to check for respiratory status:
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-Nails for clubbing and cyanosis
-Lips for cyanosis and pursing -Nose for flaring of the nares |
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Vesicular Breath Sounds
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All of inspiration short expiration, peripheral lung soft.
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Bronchiovesicular Breath Sounds
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Inspiration is equal to expiration, mainstream bronchi louder.
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Branchial Breath Sounds
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Equal inspiration and expiration but overall both are shorter, trachea harsh and loudest, and hollow sounding.
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APE To Man
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Aorta, Pulmonary, Erbs, Tricuspid, and Mitral
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Systole
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Ventricles contract, sound made by closure of the AV valves (Mirtal and Tricuspid) Pressure higher in the ventricles than the atria. Heard best with diaphragm and the apex.
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Diastole
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Ventricles are relaxed, sound caused by closure of the semilunar valves (Aortic and Pulmonic) Pressure higher in the atria than the ventricles. Heard best with the diaphragm and the apex area.
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Increased S1 sounds are caused by:
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-Increased blood velocity
-Exercise -Anemia -Hypothyroidism -Anxiety -Fever |
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Decreased S1 sounds are caused by:
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-Increased overlying tissue, fat, or fluid
-Systemic or pulmonary hypertension -Fibrosis and calcification of a disease mitral valve -Emphazema -Obese persons |
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Split S2
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The pulmonic and aortic valves close at different times due to increased pressure on the right side causing the aortic valve to close before the pulmonic valve.
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S3 Sounds
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-Due to rapid filling of the ventricle
-Heard normally in children, young adults, and pregnant women -Abnormal if heard after 30-40 years old -"SLOSH'-ing-in" |
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S4 Sounds
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-Due to Atria contracting to fill ventricles
-Heard normally in older adults, children, and athletes. -May be pathologic -"a-STIFF-wall" |
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Extra Heart Sounds
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-Snaps or clicks
-Pericardial friction rub (Due to roughening of the parietal and visceral surfaces which produces a rubbing sound. It occupies systole and diastole and overlies the intracardiac sounds |
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Heart Murmurs
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Caused by disruption in the flow of blood. Many are due to dysfunction of a valve (Does not open correctly/ Does not close correctly.
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Stenosis
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-Leaflets are thickened
-Passage narrowed -Forward flow is restricted |
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Regurgitation
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-Leaflets do not fit together snug
-Slack openings allows backward flow of blood |
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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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The name for the group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels that include hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, etc.
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Risk Factors for CVD
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-Age and Gender (Can't be modified)
-Fm Hx of premature heart disease (Can't be modified) -Smoking which decreases exercise tolerance, increases tendency for blood to clot, decreases HDL cholesterol, and can be especially problematic in women who take birth control (Can be modified) -Physical Inactivity (Can be modified) -Hypertension (Can be modified to some extent) -Hypertension |
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Who is at risk for hypertension?
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-Fm Hx
-African American -People >35 years old -Overweight people -Those who are physically inactive -Dietary Issues -Diseases: Diabetes, Gout, and Kidney |
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Saturated Fats
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Less than 7% of total calories
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Polyunsaturated Fat
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Up to 10% of total calories
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Monounsaturated Fat
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Up to 20% of total calories
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Total Fat
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25-35% of total calories
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Carbohydrate
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50-60% of total calories
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Fiber
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20-30 grams per day
10-25 grams of soluble (viscous) |
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Protein
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Approximately 15% of total calories
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Cholesterol
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Less than 200mg/day
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Total Calories
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Balance energy intake with energy output to maintain healthy body weight/prevent weight gain
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Dietary Cholesterol
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<200mg/day
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What has to change about fats in our diets?
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-Increasing Monounsaturated oils in our diet (canola and olive oil)
-Continue to avoid saturated fats (animal and dairy fats, and coconut and palm kernel oils) -Increasing Omega-3 Fatty Acids -Avoiding trans-fatty acids (stick margarine, cookies, biscuits, and breads) They increase LDL and decrease HDL |
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Types of Plant Cholesterol that help reduce blood cholesterol:
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Plant sterols/stanols because they help lower totla and LDL cholesterol while not effecting HDL and triglycerides. They do this by inhibiting the absorption of dietary and endogenously-produced cholesterol from the small intestine and are very poorly absorbed themselves.
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How do Omega 3 Fatty Acids work?
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-Reduce blood triglyceride levels
-Reduce the risk of heart attack in people with Fm Hx of heart attack -Small reduction of BP |
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Good sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids:
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-Flaxseeds
-Cloves -Walnuts -Salmon -Shrimp -Cauliflower -Halibut |
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Carbohydrate
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50-60% of total calories
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Fiber
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20-30 grams per day
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Protein
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Approximately 15% of total calories
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Cholesterol
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Less than 200mg/day
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Total Calories
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Balance energy intake with energy output to maintain healthy body weight/prevent weight gain
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Dietary Cholesterol
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<200mg/day
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What has to change about fats in our diets?
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-Increasing Monounsaturated oils in our diet (canola and olive oil)
-Continue to avoid saturated fats (animal and dairy fats, and coconut and palm kernel oils) -Increasing Omega-3 Fatty Acids -Avoiding trans-fatty acids (stick margarine, cookies, biscuits, and breads) They increase LDL and decrease HDL |
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Types of Plant Cholesterol that help reduce blood cholesterol:
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Plant sterols/stanols because they help lower totla and LDL cholesterol while not effecting HDL and triglycerides. They do this by inhibiting the absorption of dietary and endogenously-produced cholesterol from the small intestine and are very poorly absorbed themselves.
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How do Omega 3 Fatty Acids work?
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-Reduce blood triglyceride levels
-Reduce the risk of heart attack in people with Fm Hx of heart attack -Small reduction of BP |
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Good sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids:
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-Flaxseeds
-Cloves -Walnuts -Salmon -Shrimp -Cauliflower -Halibut |
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Fiber Supplements
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-Two Metamucil wafers: 2 grams of soluble fiber
-Two Fibercron wafters: 1 gram of soluble fiber -One tablespoon of Citrucel: 2 grams of soluble fiber -Two Citrucel caplets: 1 gram of soluble fiber |
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Healthy Blood Cholesterol Values
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Less than 200 mg/daily (Borderline: 200-239) (Should be measured every 5 years for a woman over 55 and a man over 45).
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LDL Cholesterol Levels
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-Good: <100mg/daily
-Near Optimal: 100-129mg/daily -Borderline High: 130-159mg/daily -High: 160-180mg/daily -Very High: >180mg/daily |
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HDL Cholesterol Levels
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Ranges from 40-50 mg/daily in the average man and 50-60mg/daily for the average women. Less than 40mg/daily is too low, which puts you at risk for heat disease.
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Triglycerides
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-Normal: < 150 mg/daily
-Borderline High: 150-199 mg/daily -High: 200-499 mg/daily -Very High: Over 550 mg/daily |
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Nursing Interventions for Cardiovascular
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1. Lipid Levels based on guidelines
2. Encourage to stop smoking 3. Normal BMI 4. Avoiding Diabetes 5. Floss Teeth 6. Encourage Healthy Diet |
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Arteries
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Have their own elastic fibers, with a great ability to starch and recoil, also have their own smooth muscle fibers
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Veins
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Have less elastic tissue and do not recoil as quickly. Ones located in the lower limbs have valves that regulate the blood flow back to the heart. They depend on the contraction of skeletal muscles.
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Arteriolsclerosis
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Abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel wall. Decreased ability to change lumen size.
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Atherosclerosis
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Thickening and hardening of the vessel wall caused by deposits of intraarterial fat and fibrin.
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Contributing Factors to Atherosclerosis
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1. Smoking
2. Diabetes 3. Dyslipidemia (Abnormal Lipids) 4. Autoimmune Disease 5. Hypertension 6. Problems with c-reactive proteins or fibrinogen |
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Aneurysm
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Dilation or out-pouching of a vessel wall. Often affect the aorta. They have the potential of rupturing at any time and a high risk for death.
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Coarctiation of the Aorta
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Diagnosed in infancy or also commonly in childhood. Difference in BP in right and left arm, HTN as well. Cool molten skin in the lower extremities.
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Intermittent Claudication
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Ambulatory leg pain not present at rest and relieved by rest. The claudication is reproducible with a consistent level of exercise from day to day. When walking pain occurs at the same distance every time.
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Varicose Veins
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Caused by trauma that damages one or more valves, gradual changes due to prolonged standing, and also genetic predisposition.
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Risks Associated with Varicose Veins
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Greater risk for phlebitis, thrombphlebitis, and venus stasis
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Screening Tests for Phlebitis
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-Inspect claves for localized redness
-Gently palpate or squeeze calf for tenderness -Check Homan's sign -Measure circumference for both calves |
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Warning Signs of a Heart Attack
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-Chest Discomfort
-Discomfort in other areas of the upper body -Shortness of breath -Other signs: Nausea, cold sweats, and light headedness |
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Warning Signs of a Stroke (CVA)
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-Sudden numbness or weakness face, arm, leg (concentrated on one skid)
-Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding -Sudden trouble seeing out of one or both eyes -Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination -Sudden severe head trauma |
