Nursing Sem 1 Diabetes

Front 1

normal A+P of the upper
GI tract and endocrine
system related to diabetes

Back 1

The pancreas is a large organ
located behind the stomach.
W/in the pancreas are the
islets of Langerhans which are
hormone-producing tissue. 2 main
hormones=Insulin (beta) and
Glucagon (alpha). When the
quantity of glucose in blood is sufficient,
the excess is stored as glycogen
in the liver, skeletal
muscle and tissues. When
blood glucose is needed the
glycogen is converted back to
glucose thru glycogenolysis.
Hormone respons fo initiating
this is glucagon.

Front 2

Discuss incidence,
predisposing factors of DM

Back 2

Incidence = 17 million people
Type 1 usually under 30 years
Type 2 usually over 40 years (80-90 % overweight)
No one is sure what causes DM - overweight, HTN, autoimmune dz, age, inactive, etc

Front 3

pathophys of
diabetes

Back 3

When eating or drinking the
food is brken down into
glucose. Bloodstream
transports glucose from
intestines to the liver (where
it is manufactured/stored),
to where it will be used
(muscles, brain). When the
amt. of glucose in blood
reaches a certain level, the
pancreas releases insulin.
This carries glucose into
appropriate cells, which
lowers blood glucose levels.

Front 4

3 methods of controlling
adult diabetes

Back 4

Exercise, diet, weight control
can lead to optimal
level of glucose control

Front 5

Explain relatiosnhip of
diet and exercise in
controlling diabetes

Back 5

Diet=increase fiber, complex carbes - leads
to eveness in blood blucose levels.
Exercise= help weight loss,
increase circulation, increase
insulin sensitivity

Front 6

Sypmtoms of
HYPOGLYCEMIA

Back 6

low blood sugar <70 too much
medicine, too little food,
staggering, diaphoresis, hunger,
shakiness, confusion, HA,
weakness. pt needs sugar!

Front 7

Symptoms of
HYPERGLYCEMIA

Back 7

blood sugar too high >110 not
enough meds, sickness, too
much food, polydipsia,
polyphagia, polyuria, fatigue,
blurred vision, sweet
smelling breath, n/v/cp, pt
needs insulin. can resualt in
dka - coma/death

Front 8

Diagnostic procedure
in care of adult onset
diabetic

Back 8

to confirm dx a fasting plasma
glucose will be performed.
norm 70-110. >126 = dm.

Front 9

Use of combo
hypoglycemic agents
in type 2 dm

Back 9

sulfonylureas stimulate
insulin secretion help
transport glucose out of
blood. biguanids decrease
glucose production and
increase it's uptake. can be
used together.

Front 10

Oral hypoglycemic purpose,
class, action, dose,
implication

Back 10

antidiabetic, controls blood
glucose in type 2, lowers blood
glucose by releasing insulin, PO
varies, observe s+s of
hypoglycemia.

Front 11

Regular Insulin

Back 11

antidiabetic, treatmen of dm,
lowers blood glucose by
stimulating uptake. SHORT
ACTING, onset=30-60 min,
peak=2-4 hrs, duration=6-10 hrs

Front 12

NPH Insulin

Back 12

antidiabetic, treatment of dm,
lowers blood glucose by
stimulating uptake.
INTERMEDIATE, onset=2 hrs,
peak=6-8, duration=18

Front 13

Lispro (Humalog)

Back 13

anti-dm, treats dm, lowers b.s.
by stimulating uptake. RAPID,
onset=5-15 min, peak=60-90 min,
duration=4hrs

Front 14

Humulin U. Ultralente

Back 14

LONG ACTING, onset=4 hrs,
peak=10-30 hrs, duration=36 hrs

Front 15

discuss procedure for
obtaining finger stick

Back 15

to obtain b.s. wash hands, wipe
finger w/ alcohol swab, prick
side of finger pad, insert strip
into accucheck machine, fill up
window

Front 16

discuss importance of
using tight control
vs conventional therapy

Back 16

can prevent/slow progress of
complications due to dm.
getting as close to norm b.s.
as possible, multiple/daily
injections, maybe insulin
pump, check b.s. often

Front 17

significance of fasting
blood sugar and glycosylated
hemoglobin

Back 17

norm 70-110 need to know how
much glucose is in at a time.
HgbA1c gives avg blood glucose
control for last 3-4 months.
norm 5% of all Hgb is glycated.

Front 18

describe site rotation

Back 18

repeate use of only a few
sites can result in atrophy,
hypertrophy. lipodistrophy=
hard lumps, dents from
repeated injections. Rotate.
Fastest absorption - abd,
arm, thigh, buttock

Front 19

DM

Back 19

D/O of pancreas. Occurs when
the pancreas doesn't produce
any or very little insulin. Or
when the body tissues do not
respond appropriately to insulin
(resistance)

Front 20

Glycogenolysis

Back 20

glycogen in liver is converted
back to glucose

Front 21

Gluconeogensis

Back 21

makin of glucose from amino
acids, non carbs

Front 22

Glycogenesis

Back 22

turing glucose into glycogen
for storage in liver

Front 23

Describe how DM is an
auto-immune d/o

Back 23

Body starts to attck itself
(can't recognize self). attacks
beta cells of pancreas so they
cannot produce insulin.

Front 24

When is the best time for
an elderly person to take
an oral hypoglycemic?

Back 24

in the a.m. before breakfast

Front 25

Type 1

Back 25

pancreas makes little or no
insulin. beta cells are damaged.
under age 30. juvenille.
10% of people with dm, abrupt
onset

Front 26

Type 2

Back 26

metabolic d/o of pancreas.
some insulin, but either not enough
or cells don't use it correctly
usually at age 40, 90% of people