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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is measurement?
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Quality of a characteristic
Involves the assignment of numbers or some other classification to allow for measurement - how much, how often, when, where, and why |
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What is outcomes measurement?
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Helps organizations to determine the effectiveness of programs
Individuals to gauge the effectiveness of their interventions Hospitals and healthcare facilities to determine if they are providing satisfactory and appropriate patient care |
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What is measurement based on?
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Based on rules and may include sorting, counting, calculating, quantifying, or classifying
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How come numbers are key elements in quantitative research?
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Objective
Standardized Consistent Precise Statistically testable An accurate representation of attributes |
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How is a measure administered?
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Self-test
Survey Observation, video recording Interview, audio recording |
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What are key elements in quantitative research?
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How a measure is administered
Timing (pretest/posttest) Protocol for collecting the results How questions or items are worded |
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What measurement strategies are involved?
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Determining the relevant attributes that demonstrate an answer to the question
Operationalization of the attributes Selecting a reliable instrument Determining validity and reliability Development of protocols that guide the data collection process Quality checks to ensure the process results in an accurate and complete data set |
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What are relevant attributes?
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Demonstrate an answer to the question
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What is conceptual operationalization?
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Use other concepts to describe an attribute
I.E. - pleasure=happiness, contentedness, positive attitudes, the desire to be |
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What is operational operationalization?
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Use numbers to provide a measure for a variable
I.E. - How would you operationalze or define a viable fetus? |
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What do operational definitions ensure?
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That the researcher is measuring variables reliably
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What are protocols?
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Development of protocols that guide the data collection process
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What are quality checks?
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Ensure the process results in an accurate and complete data set
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Where is primary data collected?
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From the subjects
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Where is secondary data collected?
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Collected from other sources, such as medical records
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What is primary data?
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Calibrated instruments such as weight scales
Equipment such as tape recorders Paper and pencil tests, questionnaires, surveys, rating scales, etc. Online surveys Observations Frequencies Considered most reliable - similar to primary sources |
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What is secondary data?
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Less reliable
Easier to collect May include - Documents or records - Gov't sources - Secondhand information |
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What assumptions of secondary data?
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All data required are present in the record
Data are in a form that can meet variable definitions Data are accurately recorded Data are consistent Data are recorded so that a common interpretation is possible |
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What are the levels of measurement?
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Nominal
Ordinal Interval Ratio |
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What is nominal?
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The lowest level of measurement.
Uses numbers to classify subjects into 2 or more categories Number doesn't provide any numeric value Categorial and discrete |
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What is ordinal measurement?
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Specifies the order of items being measured
Rank orders subjects from heaviest to lightest, tallest to shortest, etc. There is relative standings among objects captured. Doesn’t tell us anything about how much greater one level is to another. Intervals between ranks are not equal. Data have no value Only frequencies can be calculated, i.e. how many times was the value stated? Categorical and discrete |
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What is interval measurement?
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Measured on a scale
Infinite number of positive and negative possibilities Sea level, temperature There is no absolute zero Data are continuous and can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. |
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What is ratio measurement?
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The highest level of measurement
Measured on a scale that has an absolute zero. Equal intervals Ratio scales have a rational, meaningful zero. Since there is an absolute 0 you can say someone who is 200 lbs, is 2x heavier than someone who weighs 100 lbs. Continuous data can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided |
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What is random error?
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Does not affect the mean score but does affect the variability and standard deviation
Can be corrected by increasing the sample size |
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What is systematic error?
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Is biased, consistent, but inaccurate
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How come measurement error occurs?
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Inappropriate sampling
Errors in measurement and procedures Missing data |
