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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emphysema |
Most commonly caused by smoking. It is the breakdown of the walls of the aveoli. It results in one larger space instead of many smaller ones (less SA means less O2) |
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Bronchitis |
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Results in a mucous filled cough. Smoking can lead to chronic bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is usually viral - chest cold |
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Atelectasis |
Collapse of the aveoli. |
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Surfactant |
Keeps surface tension on aveoli, keeps them from collapsing |
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Frank-Sterling's law of the heart |
As the myocardium stretches more, the resulting contraction becomes stronger. In diseased states, the stretching is too much for the contraction to adequately pump out the blood |
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Preload |
Amount of volume in the L ventricle after diastole. Think of it as a volume |
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Afterload |
Resistance to L ventricular ejection. Think of it as a pressure. In hypertension the afterload increases |
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tachypnea vs hyperventilation |
Both are rapid breathing, but tachypnea is appropriate for the metabolic state of the blood. Hyperventilation is blowing off more CO2. Caused by anxiety, etc. |
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Ventilation |
Mechanical process of breathing |
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Respiration |
chemical process of gas exchange at aveoli |
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How do Tachydysrhythmias cause insufficient CO |
HR is too high and ventricles are not able to fill fully on diastole |
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Myocardial ischemia |
Not enough blood being pumped to the myocardium from coronary arteries |
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Angina pectoris |
Chest pain caused from a lack of oxygen to myocardium. Can be transient, treated with vasodialators like nitroglycerin |
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Myocaridal infarction (MI) or Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) |
When myocaridal ischemia continues for greater than 20 minutes myocardium may die. Usually sudden onset in increased 02 demand that is not met or decreased perfusion. Infarction means literally the obstruction of blood supply. Women's sx differ from men oftentimes |
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pneumonia |
An infection that inflames air sacs in lungs. They may fill with fluid. May be viral, bacterial, or fungal in nature |
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Why is it wrong for a patient with chronic lung disease to increase O2 LPM when SOB occurs |
Pt's with chronic lung disease have a hypoxic drive. Increasing 02 levels could decrease drive to breath |
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hypercapnia |
high carbon dioxide levels |
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How can increasing the angle of a bed help a patient breath |
This lowers the diaphragm and makes it easier to expand the chest |
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Normal arterial oxygen tension PaO2 levels |
95-100 mmHg |
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What controls breathing rate and depth |
Medulla |
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What moderates rhythm of inspiration to expiration |
Pons |
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Egophony |
Increased resonance of voice sounds. Caused by lung consolidation and fibrosis. Test is say "e" but response sounds like "a" |
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Adventitious breath sounds |
any abnormal breath sounds |
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Normal ABG levels |
pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 35-45 PO2 80 -100 (mmHg) HCO3 22-26 mEq/L |
