Nursing Fundamentals- Potter And Perry Ch. 34

Front 1

An infectious agent

Back 1

pathogen

Front 2

This refers to when a pathogen invades a host, and multiplies without causing infection

Back 2

colonization

Front 3

An _______ is infectious or communicable. It may pose a risk to the patient, but not to others.

Back 3

infectious disease

Hint 3

Example:
pneumonia, viral meningitis

Front 4

If the infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another, it is termed a _______.

Back 4

communicable disease

Front 5

If the pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms, the infection is _____.

Back 5

symptomatic

Front 6

If the pathogens do not cause physical signs and symptom, this is referred to as _______.

Back 6

asymptomatic

Hint 6

Ex. Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that can be asymptomatic

Front 7

These steps are the _______.
1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of exit
4. Mode of transmission
5. Portal of entry
6. Host

Back 7

chain of infection

Hint 7

The presence of a pathogen does not mean an infection will occur. It requires a presence of all of the following elements.

Front 8

The ability for a microorganism to survive in the host or outside the body is called ___.

Back 8

virulence

Hint 8

Resident skin microorganisms are not virulent, but can cause serious infection when surgery allows them to enter deep tissues or when a patient is immunocompromised.

Front 9

Bacteria that requires oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease is called _____.

Back 9

aerobic bacteria

Front 10

______ thrive where little or no free oxygen is available.

Back 10

Anaerobic bacteria

Front 11

_______ is the term used to describe a cold environment that prevents the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

Back 11

Bacteriostasis

Front 12

This destroys bacteria

Back 12

bactericidal

Front 13

Most organisms prefer an environment with a PH range of ____.

Back 13

PH range of 5-7

Hint 13

Acid-reducing medications may cause an overgrowth of gastrointestinal organisms such as health care-associated pneumonia.

Front 14

______ depends on the individual degree of resistance to a pathogen.

Back 14

susceptibility

Front 15

The severity of the clients illness depends on the extend of the infection, the ______ of the microorganisms.

Back 15

pathogenicity

Front 16

Pain and tenderness in a wound site, redness, heat, or loss of function of the body part affected would be considered a ____ infection.

Back 16

localized

Front 17

A ____ is a mode of transmission that requires an external mechanical transfer.

Back 17

vector

Front 18

A situation where you have personal contact with infected inanimate objects is an ____ mode of transmission.

Back 18

indirect

Front 19

Touching client feces is an example of a _____ mode of transmission.

Back 19

direct

Front 20

The _______ refers to the interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms.

Back 20

incubation period

Front 21

The ______ refers to the interval from onset of specific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms.

Back 21

prodromal stage

Hint 21

Ex. an onset of symptoms such as fever or malaise

Front 22

The _____ refers to the interval when a client manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection.

Back 22

illness stage

Hint 22

Ex. strep throat is manifested by sore throat pain

Front 23

_____ do not usually cause disease when residing in their usual area of the body but instead participate in maintaining health.

Back 23

Normal flora

Hint 23

Ex. Normal flora maintains a balance with other microorganisms to prevent infection. The skins normal flora exerts a bactericidal action.

Front 24

The use of ______ can disrupt the normal flora of the body, and lead to a suprainfection.

Back 24

broad-spectrum antibiotics

Hint 24

Why? It kills microbes that aid in defense against those that grow at will.

Front 25

_____ is a protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products and nutrients to an area of injury.

Back 25

inflammation

Hint 25

Serum proteins such as kinins, vasoactive amines, and prostaglandins serve to increase vasodilation. They play a key role in the inflammatory response.

Front 26

Fluid and cells that are discharged from cells or blood vessels are called _____.

Back 26

exudates

Hint 26

Ex. pus or serum

Front 27

The accumulation of fluid appears as localized swelling referred to as ____.

Back 27

edema

Hint 27

Injury causes tissue damage, and as a result the body releases chemical mediators that increases the permeability of small blood vessels. As a result, fluid, protein, and cells enter interstitial spaces causing fluid buildup.

Front 28

The cellular response of inflammation involves _____, which describes the destruction and absorption of bacteria

Back 28

phagocytosis

Hint 28

Fever is caused by phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells that cause a rise in the hypothalmic set point.

Front 29

An increase in the number of circulating WBC's, is referred to as ____.

Back 29

leukocytosis

Front 30

Normal Serum WBC count:

Back 30

5,000 to 10,000/mm3

Front 31

Exudate may be ____ in color, or clear.

Back 31

serous

Front 32

Exudate may be ______, in that the color is red from containing RBC's.

Back 32

sanguineous

Front 33

Exudate may be ____, or white in color in that it contains pus, WBC's or bacteria.

Back 33

purulent

Front 34

When it comes to tissue repair, tissue defects may fill with _____.

Back 34

granulation tissue

Hint 34

GT is not as strong as collagen and assumes the form of scar tissue.

Front 35

An infection that results from being in a health care facility.

Back 35

hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial)

Front 36

_____ is a type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.

Back 36

Iatrogenic infection

Hint 36

Ex. Following a gastrointestinal endoscopy the client developed a P. aeruginosa infection.

Front 37

A HAI that is present outside the client.

Back 37

exogenous infection

Hint 37

Ex. A postoperative infection

Front 38

An _____ can occur when part of the client's flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results.

Back 38

endogenous infection

Front 39

Assessment for infection prevention and control should include:

Back 39

1. Immunizations/ vaccinations
2. Susceptibility
3. Client knowledge of how disease is transmitted
4. Review past diseases
5. Travel history
6. Status of defense mechanisms
7. Clinical appearance
8. Lab results

Front 40

A _____ causes more generalized symptoms that a local infection. They usually result in fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and malaise.

Back 40

systemic infections

Front 41

True/False
It is not uncommon to find that an older adult has an advanced infection before it is identified.

Back 41

True

Hint 41

Why? This is because older adults may have a reduced inflammatory and immune response.

Older adults have increased fatigue and diminished pain sensitivity

Front 42

True/False
A reduced or absent fever response can occur from chronic use of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Back 42

True

Front 43

True/False
Checking a client for breakage in skin would be an example of the status of defense mechanisms.

Back 43

True

Front 44

Normal Value for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):

Back 44

up to 15mm/hr for men
up to 20mm/hr for women

Front 45

Normal Value for Iron:

Back 45

60-90g/100ml

Front 46

Normal culture for urine and blood:

Back 46

normally sterile without microorganism growth

Front 47

Normal cultures and gram stain of wound, sputum, and throat:

Back 47

No WBC's on Gram stain, possible normal flora

Front 48

An example for a nursing diagnosis related to infection prevention and control would be...

Back 48

-risk for infection
-imbalanced nutrition:less than body requirements
-impaired oral mucous membrane
-risk for impaired skin integrity
-social isolation
-impaired tissue integrity

Front 49

Common goals of care applicable to clients with infection often includes:

Back 49

-preventing exposure to infectious organisms
-controlling or reducing the extent of infection
-maintaining resistance to infection
-verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and control techniques

Front 50

Some implementation methods for infection and prevention control include:

Back 50

-flu vaccine
-hand hygiene
-proper nutrition
-rest

Front 51

True/False
A short term plan is written with a goal.

And a long term plan is written with an outcome.

Back 51

True

Front 52

____, or clean technique, includes procedures used to reduce the number of organisms present and prevent transfer of organisms.

Back 52

Medical asepsis

Front 53

The absence of pathogenic microorganisms is called ___.

Back 53

asepsis

Front 54

Procedures used to reduce the number of organisms present and prevent the transfer of organisms is called ____.

Back 54

medical asepsis

Front 55

The nurse follows ____ which are principles and procedures to prevent and control infection.

Back 55

standard procedures

Front 56

True/False
Personal protective equipment does not need to be changed after contact with each client and between procedures.

Back 56

False

Front 57

This transmission based precaution requires a private room, mask for caregiver and visitor, negative pressure airflow exchange in the room of at least 6-12 exchanges/hr.

Back 57

airborne precaution

Front 58

This transmission-based precaution requires a private room or room with others with the same infection, and a mask for caregivers and visitors

Back 58

droplet precaution

Front 59

This transmission based precaution requires private room or room with others of same infection. Gloves and gown for both the caregiver and visitors, dispose of materials in a single nonporous bag without touching the outside of the bag.

Back 59

contact precaution

Front 60

This transmission based precaution requires a private room, positive-pressure room with 12 or more air exchanges/hr, and a HEPA filtration for incoming air. It also requires the caregiver and visitors to wear respirator mask, gloves, and gown.

Back 60

protective environment precaution

Hint 60

This type of precaution protects the patient from us and outside visitors

Front 61

In ______ infection prevention and control, you would measure the success of the techniques, compare the client's response with expected outcomes, and if goals are not achieved, determine what steps must be taken.

Back 61

evaluation