Nursing Fundamentals Ch. 32 And 6

Front 1

Skeletal System

Back 1

Supporting soft tissues of body, protecting crucial components of body, furnishing surfaces for the attachments of muscles, tendons, and ligaments to provide movement, providing storage areas for minerals, producing blood cells.

Front 2

Ball and Socket joint

Back 2

Rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity in the other. Hip and Shoulder

Front 3

Condyloid Joint

Back 3

Oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone. Wrist joints and joints connecting fingers to palm

Front 4

Gliding Joint

Back 4

Flat surfaces of the bone slide over one another. Carpal bones of wrist.

Front 5

Hinge Joint

Back 5

Spool-like surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone. Elbow, knee and ankle joints.

Front 6

Pivot Joint

Back 6

Ring-like structure that turns on a pivot. Axis of neck and between proximal ends of radius and the ulna at the wrist.

Front 7

Saddle joint

Back 7

bone surfaces are convex on one side and concave on another. Thumb joint.

Front 8

Ligaments

Back 8

Tough, fibrous bands of CT that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage

Front 9

Tendons

Back 9

Strong, flexible, inelastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of CT that attach muscle to bone.

Front 10

Cartilage

Back 10

Hard, nonvascular CT found in the joints as well as in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea, and larynx.

Front 11

3 Types of Muscles

Back 11

Skeletal- works with tendons and bones to move body

Cardiac- forms bulk of heart and produces contractions that create heartbeat

Smooth-forms wall of hollow organs and walls of blood vessels and hollow tubes that connect internal organs.

Front 12

Important Functions of Muscles

Back 12

Motion-pull on tendons and move bones creating movement

Maintenance of posture-hold body in stationary position

Support-Support soft tissues in abdominal wall and floor in pelvic cavity

Heat production-contractions produce heat & help maintain body temp.

Front 13

Effect of NS on muscle contraction

Back 13

Afferent NS conveys info to the CNS, Neurons conduct impulses from one part of the body to another, info is processed by the CNS, efferent system conveys a response from the CNS to skeletal muscles via somatic NS

Front 14

Labyrinthine Sense Postural Reflex

Back 14

Sensory organs in inner ear provide sense of position. orientation and movement.

Front 15

Proprioceptor or Kinesthetic Sense

Back 15

Informs brain of location of limb or body part as a result of joint movements stimulating special nerve endings.

Front 16

Visual or optic reflexes

Back 16

Visual impressions contribute to posture by alerting person to spatial relationships with environment.

Front 17

Extensor or stretch reflexes

Back 17

extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain point, stimulation causes reflexes contraction that aids a person to reestablish posture.

Front 18

Proper Body Alignment

Back 18

It permits optimal musculoskeletal balance and operation and promotes healthy physiologic functioning.

Front 19

Factors Influencing Mobility

Back 19

Developmental Considerations

Physical health

mental health

lifestyle

attitude and values

fatigue and stress

external factors

Front 20

Physical Health Factors

Back 20

problems with musculoskeletal and NS can have a negative affect on body alignment and movement. encourage attempts at behaviors that promote self-care activities despite limitations.

Front 21

Mental Health Factors

Back 21

Mental health influences person's body appearance and movement as much as physical health

Front 22

Lifestyle Factors

Back 22

Occupation, leisure activity preferences and cultural influences.

Front 23

Attitude and Values Factors

Back 23

Children learn early to value regular exercise

Front 24

Fatigue and Stress Factors

Back 24

Chronic Stress can deplete body energy

Front 25

Isotonic

Back 25

Muscle shortening and active movement. ADLs and ROM, swimming, jogging or bicycling.

Front 26

Isometric

Back 26

Muscle contraction without shortening. Contractions of quads and gluteal muscles for yoga. Increased muscle mass, tone and strengthen.

Front 27

Isokinetic

Back 27

Muscle contraction with resistance. Lifting weights and rehab exercises.

Front 28

Body mechanics

Back 28

use of proper body positions to provide protection from stress of movement and activity (structure, function, and position)

Front 29

Patient Care Ergonomics

Back 29

Practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to capability of worker in relation to patient care.

Front 30

Orthopedics

Back 30

Correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion.

Front 31

Tonus

Back 31

Describe state of slight contraction-usual state of skeletal muscles.

Front 32

Contractures

Back 32

Permanent contraction of a muscle.

Front 33

Benefits of exercise to cardiovascular system

Back 33

Increased efficiency of the heart

Decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Increased blood flow to all body parts

Improved venous return

Increased circulating fibrinosin

Front 34

Benefits of Exercise to Respiratory System

Back 34

Improved alveolar ventilation

Decreased work of breathing

Improved diaphragmatic excursion.

Rate of CO2 excretion is increased.

Front 35

Benefits of Exercise to Musculoskeletal System

Back 35

Increased Muscular efficiency and Strength

Increased coordination

Reduced bone loss

Increased efficiency of nerve impulse transmision

Front 36

Osteoporosis

Back 36

Process of bone demineralization.

Front 37

Physical Assessment for Mobility

Back 37

General ease of movement and gait

Alignment

Joint Structure and function

Muscle mass, tone, and strength

endurance

Front 38

General ease of movement and gait

Back 38

Begin movement when patient walks into room. note whether patient's body movements are quick and sure or slow and deliberate. observations communicate status and self care abilities.

Front 39

Alignment

Back 39

Correct body alignment permits optimal musculoskeletal balance and operation and promotes optimal physiological functioning.

Front 40

Muscle mass, tone and strength

Back 40

prerequisites to appropriate body movement and work performance. mass refers to size compare one muscle group to another.

Front 41

Joint structure and function

Back 41

ROM-Maxx degree of movement which a joint is normally capable of. Size, shape, color, and symmetry of joints.

Front 42

Endurance

Back 42

Evaluate patient's ability to turn. tone that interferes with movement also in bed, maintain correct alignment caused by neurologic impairments. Evaluate vital signs when patient is at rest, when performing activity and what is the patient's response.

Front 43

Flaccidity

Back 43

Decreased tone results from disuse or neurologic impairments

Front 44

Spasticity

Back 44

Increased tone that interferes with movement.

Front 45

Fowler's Position

Back 45

Semi-sitting position calls for the head of the bed to be elevated 45 to 60 degrees. Positioning for eating, conversation, and urinary and intestinal elimination.

Front 46

Supine or Dorsal Recumbent Position

Back 46

Patient lies flat on back with head and shoulders lightly elevated with pillow unless contraindicated.

Front 47

Side-lying Position

Back 47

Patient lies on side and the main weight of the bod is borne by the lateral aspect of the lower scapula and the lateral aspect of the lower ilium.

Front 48

Footdrop

Back 48

A complication a patient develops. Plantar flexion an cause an alteration in the length of muscles.

Front 49

Value

Back 49

Belief about the worth of something, about what matters that acts as a standard to guide one's behavior

Front 50

Value System

Back 50

Organization of values in which each is ranked along a continuum of importance, often leading to a personal code of conduct.

Front 51

Values Clarification

Back 51

Process by which people come to understand their own values and value systems.

Front 52

Modeling

Back 52

Children learn what is of high or low value by observing parents, peers, and significant others.

Front 53

Laissez-faire

Back 53

Approach to value transmission leave children to explore values on their own and to develop a personal value system.

Front 54

Rewards and Punishments

Back 54

Children are rewarded for demonstrating values held by parents and are punished for demonstrating unacceptable values.

Front 55

Responsible choice

Back 55

Encourage children to explore competing values and to weigh their consequences.

Front 56

ethics

Back 56

Systematic study of principle of right and wrong conduct, virtue and vice, and good and evil as they relate to conduct and human nourishing

Front 57

Morals

Back 57

refers to personal or communal standards of right and wrong.

Front 58

Bioethics

Back 58

This scope is a number of fields and disciplines grouped broadly under the rubric "the life sciences"

Front 59

Nursing ethics

Back 59

Subset of bioethics. Formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing and the analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgments.

Front 60

Uilitarian

Back 60

The rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action

Front 61

Deontologic

Back 61

An action right or wrong based on a rule independent of its consequences

Front 62

Principle-based approach

Back 62

Combines elements of both utilitarian and deontologic theories and offers specific action guides for practice. Four key principles: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity.

Front 63

Ethical dilemma

Back 63

arise when attempted adherence basic ethical principles results in two conflicting courses action.

Front 64

care-based approach

Back 64

directs attention to the specific situations of individual patients viewed within the context of their life narrative.

Front 65

Feminist ethics

Back 65

particular type of ethical approach popular among nurses, both female and male. critiques existing patterns of oppression and domination in society, especially as these affect women and the poor.

Front 66

ethical agency

Back 66

ethical capacity. must be cultivated in the same way that nurses cultivate the ability to do the scientifically right thing when providing care.

Front 67

code of ethics

Back 67

set of principles that reflect the primary goals, values, and obligations the profession.

Front 68

ethical distress

Back 68

occurs when the nurse knows the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action.

Front 69

Using the Nursing Process to make ethical decisions

Back 69

Assess the situation (gather data)

Diagnose (identify) the ethical problem

Plan (identify and weigh alternatives)

Implement your decision

Evaluate your decision

Front 70

paternalism

Back 70

When a nurse acts as a "parent" to the patient. choosing an action the patient does not want because the nurse believes it to be in the patients best interest.

Front 71

Deception

Back 71

telling a lie to a patient to get to take a medication.

Front 72

Privacy

Back 72

Taking a photo of a patient's sacral pressure ulcer and putting on facebook.

Front 73

Confidentiality

Back 73

Telling someone something personal about a patient to another person.

Front 74

advocacy

Back 74

protection and support of another's rights. this role is increasingly important because of patient's changing expectations and demands and because in our increasingly market-driven health care economy there are no guarantees that the healthcare system will work to secure their safety and health.

Front 75

Nonmaleficence

Back 75

to avoid harm, to remove harm, and to prevent harm.

Front 76

Autonomy

Back 76

Ability to make a choice free from external contstraints

Front 77

Beneficence

Back 77

duty to do good and the active promotion of benevolent acts.

Front 78

Justice

Back 78

states that like cased should be treated alike.

Front 79

fidelity

Back 79

keeping one's promise and never abandoning a client entrusted to your care without first providing for client's needs.

Front 80

social justice

Back 80

professional value that encompasses efforts to promote universal access to healthcare.