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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eukarya
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larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
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Plasma Membrane
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envelops the cell
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Ribosomes
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make proteins based on RNA messages fromt he cell's gene's.
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(ER) Endoplasmic Reticulum
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tublular transport network within the cell
Smooth: metablic process in the cell Rough: studded with ribosomes. ER is responsible for moving proteins from one part of the cell to another & moving proteins to the outside of a cell (secretions). |
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Golgi Apparatus
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packaging and transport of proteins int he cell
composed of layers of membranes functions: refines proeins, sorts the proteins and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell, works with the ER. |
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Vesicles
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small membrane-bounded sacs within the cytoplasm
3 types: vacuoles, lysosome, perioximsome |
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Vacuole
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basic storage unit of the cell
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lysosome
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digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
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Peroxisome
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functions to rid the body of toxic components like hydrogen peroxide
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mitochondria
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powerhouse of the cell, they are the locations where the cellular fuel ATP is produced.
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Microtubules
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cellular tracks that, during mitosis, form the mitotic spindle. Spindle help organize and segregate the chromosomes during cell division.
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Centrosomes
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microtubule-organizing centers that help to and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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contain the following organelles:
Cell Wall - separates the inside and outside of the cell Cytoplasm - protein filled gel-like substance that housed the organelles Organelles - tiny structures of the cell Nucleoid - condensed DNA of the cell. Plasmids - small cirucular portions of DNA separate form nubleoids. Ribosomes - manufacture proteins for the cell from RNA. Flagella - long whip-like projections that help with cellular movement. |
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nucleus
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very large organelle in central portion of the cell
enclosed by a double membrane with pores in it. control center of cell |
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nucleolus
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small body within nucleus
produces ribosomes that g3t moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins |
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Plant Cells
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type of eukaryotic cell
contains choloroplasts organelles that contain chlorophyll - allows it to capture sunlight and turn it into energy. |
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Chromosomes
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contains sections called genes
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Protein
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chain of amino acids
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Embryo
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an animal or plant cell in the early stages of development after fertilization
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Zygote
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a mass of cells after a fertilized egg has begun to divide.
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Stem Cells
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3 types: Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent
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Mitosis
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occurs to replace old and ying cells with genetically identical ones
Cells double their DNA content to pass one complete copy to each daugher cell occurs in skin, liver and other organs in the digestive system |
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Interphase of Mitosis
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3 steps during interphase:
S phase, G1 and G2 phases. |
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Meiosis
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The process by which gametes reduce their DNA contents.
Purpose is to halve the number of chromosomes. |
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Gametes
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cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction.
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Diploid Cells
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contain two sets of DNA
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Haploid Cells
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contain one set of DNA
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Homologous Chromosome
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twin chromosome
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Mitosis
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prophase - spindle fibers form and nuclear membrane disappears
metaphase - chromosomes align midway along spindle fibers anaphase - chromosomes begin to separate from daughters Cytokinesis begins telophase - identical sets of chromosomes are at opposites ends of the cell. spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear and cytokinesis is complete. |
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Meiosis
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Prophase I - homologous chromosomes condense and link in tetrads
Metaphase I - move to metaphase plate Anaphase I - Homologous chromosomes separate, but the sister chromatids stay together Telophase I - Cytokinesis has occurred and two haploid daughter cells are the result. Prophase II - spindle fibers begin to reappear and cetrioles move to opposite poles. Metaphase II - Sister chromatids align at a new metaphase plate. Anphase II - sister chromatids separate again Telophase II - four haploid cells result after cytokinesis. |
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photosynthesis
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process carried out by green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria to turn sunlight into energy
used by autotrophs |
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chlorophyll
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green pigment; used for synthesis of glucose.
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chloroplasts
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organelle that carries out photosynthesish
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Cellular Respiration
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used by heterotrophes - can't produce their own food
glucose is broken down by the process of glycolysis - turns glucose to ATP |
