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226 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define moral agent:
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a person who accepts responsibility for decisions/choices and their outcomes.
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what is a professional code of ethics?
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describe moral behaviors (duties, obligations, and rights) of those providing services to others.
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define moral development
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explores how individuals develop their understanding of what is right and wrong.
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ethics is the study of moral conduct, _____, and _____(ideal or actual).
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systems, ideas
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ethics is The study of _____ human behavior and ideal ways of _____
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ideal, being
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ethics is a way to _______ and _______ the moral life and/or moral choices
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understand, examine
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ethics are Justified through:
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logical theoretically based arguments
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unethical: negative form of ethics (provide 2 ways to define unethical)
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-Person’s character or behavior is contrary to admirable traits
-Contrary to the code of conduct endorsed by one’s society, community, or profession |
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(ethical principles) Define Principlism:
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Principles as guidelines for making justified moral decisions or evaluating the ethics of an action or policy
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(ethical principles) define Justice:
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the right and demand to be treated justly, fairly, and equally
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(ethical principles) define beneficence:
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taking action to promote the welfare of other people
Importance of cost-benefit analysis Influence of technology |
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(ethical principles) describe non-malificence with 4 points.
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-Avoid causing harm
-Does not mean harm never happens -Benefits must be greater than harm -Long-term benefits may outweigh short-term harm |
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Autonomy is the ____ of a ______ person to self-rule and to generate personal _______
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right, rational, decisions
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with the right of autonomy, a person is required to receive: (2)
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Informed consent
Confidentiality |
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HIPAA relies on 4 virtues:
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Truth-telling/ veracity
Needed for trust Fidelity Keeping promises |
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deontology is literally the “_____________”
and focuses on ______ and _____ |
duty of study, duties, rules
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kantian deontology believes Each rational being is ______ bound to act only from a _____ of _____;
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ethically, sense, duty
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Kantian deontology does not emphasize:
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consequences-- something is right or wrong in itself
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kantian deontology does emphasize:
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respect of others & treating others as ends in themselves, never as means to an end.
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consequentialists emphasize:
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consequences as an important indication of the moral value of one’s actions.
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Utilitarianism is the most common _______ approach.
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consequentialist,
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utilitarianism states that actions are judged by:...
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their utility, that is, they are evaluated according to the usefulness of their consequences
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utilitarians believe that it is useful to society to:
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achieve the greatest good and least harm for the greatest number of people who may be affected by a rule or action
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Virtues are ________ in regard to ______ or ______ being the best that they can be in accordance with their ______
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excellences, persons, objects, purpose
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being virtuous means Excellence of one’s character and considerations of what sort of person one _____ to be
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wants
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aristotle's two categories of excellence:
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Intellectual
character |
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plato's 4 cardinal virtues:
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prudence (wisdom)
fortitude (courage) temperance (moderation) justice (umbrella virtue |
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ethics of care emphasizes the importance of traditionally ______ traits such as ____, ________, ______, and concern about the ________ of other people
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femanine, love, compassion, sympathy, well-being
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feminist ethics specifically focused on:
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evaluating ethically related situations in terms of how these situations affect marginalized groups or those without power in society
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values influence:
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ethical decisions
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____ lead to "right" action
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values
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name kohlberg's 3 steps of moral development (can regress under stress):
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Pre-conventional stage
Conventional stage Post-conventional or Principled stage |
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name stage 1 of kohlberg's moral development (pre-conventional stage)
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Punishment/obedience
-no underlying moral order |
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name stage 2 of kohlberg's moral development (pre-conventional stage) and list 3 characteristics:
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-Instrumental/relativist-
-meeting own needs -practical and concrete -ignore fairness, gratitude, justice |
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how old is one during kohlberg's pre-conventional stage of development?
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generally 0-6 yrs
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what are 2 main characteristics of individuals in kohlberg's pre-conventional stage of moral development?
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External morality & self-centered
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what are 2 main characteristics of individuals in kohlberg's conventional morality stage of moral development?
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Concrete operations & conformity
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name stage 3 of kohlberg's moral development (conventional morality stage):
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-Interpersonal concordance-
Value and goals of being nice and being liked loyalty |
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name stage 4 of kohlberg's moral development (conventional morality stage) and 2 characteristics of this stage:
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Law and order
Conform to & uphold rules, expectations and conventions of society Authority-based |
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the post conventional morality stage of kohlberg's stages of moral development involves what kind of cognitive development? when can it begin? and what's another characteristic?
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-Formal operative cognitive development
-Can begin in adolescence -independence |
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stage 5 of kohlberg's stages of moral development is called what? what does it involve?
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-Social contract-
-constitutional or legalistic |
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stage 6 of kohlberg's stages of moral development is called what? what are some of the characteristics of this stage?(3)
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-Universal principles-
preventing harm saving lives truth-telling |
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What concept did Gilligan come up with? why?
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Care orientation. Because he believed kohlberg's theory was inadequate to describe women's moral development
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Gilligan's care orientation involved conflicting ________, was based on ________ with others, and had 3 _____ with 2 ______.
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responsibilities, relationships, levels, transitions.
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what were the 3 levels of Gilligan's care orientation called?
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-Orientation to individual survival
-Focus on goodness as self-sacrifice -Morality of non-violence |
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the last stage of Kohlberg's moral development and the last stage of Gilligan's care orientation differ because:
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kohlberg's focuses on rights & formal reasoning, and Gilligan's focuses on care and responsibility
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tools of good decision making encompass knowledge about _____ and the ______.
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self, situation
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tools for good decision-making encompass the Ability and willingness to think ______, reason, and _____. also, Able to understand and use the language of _____.
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critically, reflect, ethics
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tools for good decision making also encompasses __________.
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accountability
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define ethical dilemma:
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Situation in which moral obligations to others exist on both sides of a choice
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in an ethical dilemma, Ethical reasons ______ choosing both ________
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support, alternatives
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in an ethical dilemma, ______ choice has to be made between two ______ a_______ or undesirable options.
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difficult, equally, attractive,
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an ethical dilemma is when An apparent or actually ________ clash of competing principles or _____.
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irresolvable, duties
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define moral distress:
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this is experienced when one makes a moral judgement about a situation he/she is involved and does not act on those judgements-- the negative feeling state when those actions are not carried out.
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what are 7 sources of moral authority?
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The profession
The health care provider Religion Other professionals The institution The health insurer Society The patient |
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normative ethics ______ or _______ values, _______, and ways of being on the basis of:
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decide, prescribe, behaviors, what is right or wrong, good or bad, and admirable or deplorable
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define descriptive ethics:
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to describe what people think about morality or how they actually behave. (more scientific than philosophical)
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teleology is interested in:
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producing good consequences
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"telos" means:
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end or purpose
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Totality can justify:
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sacrificing part of one’s body for the good of the total or whole body
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Natural Law:
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by means of our reason, we can work out our values, standards, principles by which we live (Aristotle, Cicero, Aquinas)
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the Natural Law is based on ______ and _____ law, which are _______ based. It also forms basis for _____ laws
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divine, eternal, theologically, human
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define paternalism:
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acting in a parental manner, usually restricting a patient’s autonomy
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5 general steps in analysis of an ethical issue or practice in health care:
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-Identify general problem or issue
-Analyze the context, including central individuals, their priorities, and any actual or potential conflicts in moral positions or values -Explore options -Apply Kantian, Utilitarian, Virtue or Feminist Ethic Decision Process -Evaluate the results to determine whether they are consistent with the chosen ethical perspective. |
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rule-based ethical frameworks believe that the _____ of individual human beings to ______ and choose purposeful ______ sets them apart and makes them _____ ______.
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ability, deliberate, actions, moral agents
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rule-based ethical frameworks can ask the questions "what actions r right or wrong, how can moral obligations be summarized into moral rules?" and 2 ethical perspectives take this stance(?):
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Deontology
Utilitarianism |
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rule-based ethical frameworks believe that All human beings are _____: capacity to _____ and to _____ actions.further, it believes ______ moral rules.
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equal, reason, choose, universal
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rule-based ethical frameworks use _______ application of _____ _____ to particular cases.
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logical, moral rules
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rule-based ethics ignore ______ nature of moral judgements
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contextual
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rule-based ethics ignore integration of ______ and _______ responses
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affective, intellectual
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rule-based ethics also ignores relationship and _______
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community
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deontology literally is " _________"
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study of duty
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deontology supports to Act always so that you:
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respect every human being, yourself and others as rational beings.
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regarding deontology, consequences of one's actions are considered to be _______
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irrelevant
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"perfect duty" belives:
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must do x, because to not do it violates an ethical imperative
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"imperfect duty" believs:
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“ought” depends on ability to do x
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define prima facia duty:
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at first glance it seems one must follow this duty, but it can be overridden by higher duties
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perfect duty trumps imperfect duty, in all but:
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extremely exceptional circumstances.
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according to deontology, if one is treated as a means to an end, this action is supported. (t/f)
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false
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according to deontology, autonomy and ______ must be provided
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justice
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consequantialism is ____-based,
Consequences indicate the _____ _____ of one’s actions. |
rule, moral value
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consequentialism believes Greatest good for the greatest ______ and the least ____ to the least people
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number, harm.
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regarding justice, consequentialism believes greater pleasure if live in a just society in which security from knowing individuals will be treated as having _____ value
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intrinsic
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regarding autonomy, consequentialism believes:
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one may interfere with actions of an individual only to prevent harm to others
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Hume believed ______ to be primary human motivator for admirable behavior (vs. reason)
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emotion
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Hume also believed that ______ were more important than reason. they set the goals.
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passions
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John Stuart Mill believed that rules are not based on the ind_______, but must consider all _____ the rule could _____
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individual, persons, impact
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john stuart mill believed that Actions are judged by their _____: evaluated according to the _______ of their ________
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utility, usefulness, consequences
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John Stuart Mill believed the basic principle that: Rules of action are right in proportion to their tendency to promote the greatest good and least harm for the greatest number of persons affected by these rules. t/f
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true
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John Stuart Mill was a _________
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utilitarian
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list Bentham's 7 criterion of utility.(IFEDUPP)
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-Intensity(how strongly the effects will be)
-Duration (how long the effects will be) -(Un)certainty/ Likelihood (how likely is it that these consequences will occur) -Propinquity or remoteness/ Immediacy (how soon effects will happen / nearness of effects) -Fecundity (tendency of action to continually produce similar effects) -Purity (the ratio of good to bad effects produced) -Extent (how many people will be affected) |
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according to utilitarian ethics, Compare the results of various rules;The rule that produces the most ____ and least harm among those available is the _____ ______ rule to adopt.
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good, morally correct
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virtue ethics asks:
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what sort of person or community does an individual or the community want to be?
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virtue ethics emphasizes:
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excellence of character of the moral agent
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define virtues:
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excellences in regard to persons or objects being the best that they can be in accordance with their purpose
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according to aristotle (the philosophical basis for virtue ethics) on virtue ethics, there are 2 categories of excellences:
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intellectual and character
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happiness-based ethics is focused on acting in ________ with ______. and individual _______-________ is important for happiness.
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accordance, virtue, self-realization
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virtue ethics believes you should learn by _____; _______ is important
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doing, experience
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aristotle (consistent with virtue ethics) believed that ______ and ______ are virtues. and that _______ is more important than justice.
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friendship, caring, friendship
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_______ believed that vices included weakness of will, the opposite of good,
lack disposition for virtues, and that one cannot live up to or act in accordance with what one knows to be right |
aristotle
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Plato (another philosophical basis for virtue ethics) believed in 4 cardinal virtues:
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prudence (wisdom), fortitude (courage), temperance (moderation), and justice
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(plato)rational paternalism: ______ vs. ____________
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desire vs. what good for us
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plato believed Civilized survival of community trumps ______ _______
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individual liberties
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plato believed Must live together according to rational principles of ______
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justice
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plato believed that justice is ______ good
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intristically
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plato believed that _____ of labor is impt
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division
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plato also believed _____ is a virtue and _____ is an evil
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knowledge, ignorance
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____ believed that Reason dominates will & will dominates ______
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plato, appetite
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virtues emphasized in health care:
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Health and caring
Compassion Fidelity to trust Moral courage Justice Mediation Self-confidence Resilience Practical reasoning Integrity Health care professions as moral communities Health care professions as professing communities (per code of ethics) Virtues as habitual patterns |
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developing and sustaining moral character involves ______ patterns of ______, ______ response, and action
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habitual, perception, affective
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when developing and sustaining moral character, using good character as a base will help you make _______ behavior, give
ability to make moral ______, and help to know how to apply moral rules to ____ ____ |
appropriate, judgements, guide actions
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define vices
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weaknesses of character
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the moral ground model: a virtue-based model says that (2):
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-Provider might start at a groundless, uneducated state of moral functioning
-Provider can move toward flourishing moral ground by via developing intellectual and moral virtues |
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according to the moral ground model, what are moral virtues (at least 3)
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truthfulness, gentleness, compassion, loving kindness, just generosity, courage, sympathetic joy, equanimity
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according to the moral ground model, what are 2 intellectual virtues?
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insight, practical wisdom
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Ethics of Care involves 5 main focuses (CRRRM):
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-Caring community
-Relationships -Responsibility to care is the heart of morality -Resolving conflicts -Make decisions in contexts of relationships |
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define distributive justice:
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Just distribution of valued resources
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distributive justice is especially important in what 2 ethics perspectives?
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Feminist ethics / ethics of care
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involving distrubutive justice, define rights:
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things to which people have a just claim; come with responsibilities
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involving distrubutive justice, what is moral standing?
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subjects who can be benefited and harmed, and who have rights
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regarding distrubutive justice, what is social justice? (2)
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-how benefits and burdens should be distributed fairly among members of a society
-how all people in a society should have the same rights, benefits, and opportunities |
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regarding health care _____ and ethical decision making, Difficult ethical decisions should not be made in ________
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teams, isolation
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ethics committees consist of:
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physicians, nurses, an on-staff chaplain, a social worker, a representative of the organization’s administrative staff, possibly a legal representative and community representatives, others
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regarding Provider-Patient-Family Relationships, unavoidable trust occurs, this means:
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Patients, in most cases, have no option but to trust their health care providers when the patient is at the point of needing care
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regarding Provider-Patient-Family Relationships, patient advocacy can occur, this means Providers try to:
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identify unmet patient needs and then follow up to address the needs appropriately
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provider-provider relationships must work together for:
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the health and well-being of patients, whether those patients are individuals, families, groups, communities, or populations
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provider-provider relationships must share Similar moral _______,
and have Shared _______ ideally |
language, commitments
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involving critical thinking and ethical decision making, critical thinking is "self-_____, self-disciplined, self-______ and self-______ thinking [that] requires rigorous _______ of excellence and mindful command of their use”
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directed, monitored, corrective, standards
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regarding critical thinking and ethical decision making, moral imagination Involves moral _______ and _____ _______ -- beyond application of standardized ethical meanings, decision-making models, and health care principles to real life situations
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awareness, decision making
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regarding ethical decision making and critical thinking, moral imagination is moral decision making through:
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reflection that involves “empathetic projection” and “creatively tapping a situation’s possibilities”
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Since ethics is an active process of _____, ______in any form is crucial to the practice of ethics
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doing, reflection
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euthanasia and the third riech... what happened and when?
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1939: euthanasia program under organization of Aktion T4 to eliminate “the worthless lives of seriously ill mental patients. Aktion T4 officially ended in August 1941, but killing continued through “wild euthanasia” or decentralized killing through 1945,(5,000 children & 70,000 adults killed.
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define eugenics
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Science of racial improvement through controlled breeding
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themes of eugenics: (3)
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nativist anti-immigration sentiment, sterilization of the "unfit," and racial perfectibility.
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examples of repressive or negative eugenics (2):
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sterilization of the "physically and mentally unfit"
social policy to abolish child labor, establish compulsory education, and make child bearing prohibitively expensive for the poor |
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example of positive eugenics:
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encouraging "the healthy" (higher income) to have larger families and support of these children through adolescence and into adulthood
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when did hitler come into power in germany?
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january 1933
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in 1933, ______ ______, Minister of Interior and Deputy leader of Reich’s medical profession, called on nurses to:
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Friederich Bartels, abide by eugenics concepts (essentially)
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when did Reich’s Association of Nurses became part of Nazi Party?
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1935
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when did All free nursing organizations in Germany incorporate into Reich Association of Nurses?
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1936
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when did Only Aryan women could become German nurses & care for Aryans?
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1938
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when did Germany invade Poland & WWII begin?
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september 1939
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when did England and France declare war on Germany (exact day)?
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sept. 3 1939
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did german nurses somewhat serve as political soldiers? how?
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yes, by promoting sterilization and promoting the war.
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when does US enter WWII?
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1941
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what happened with Hadamar?
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Landescheilanstalt Institution in town of Hadamar near Weisbaden, Germany
Sanitarium established in 19th century as nursing home and state hospital Trial in 1946: Nurses found guilty of killing patients in euthanasia program in Germany |
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October 1940-July 1942, Hadamar chosen as 1 of _ designated __ sites for killing mentally ill run by Berlin-based foundation
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6, T4
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when were employees of Hadamar required to take oath of secrecy?
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1940
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About _____ German citizens killed at Hadamar-T4 & wild euthanasia
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15,000
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Regarding Hadamar...1944, 75 laborers arrived & nurses were told they had ___
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TB
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regarding Hadamar... Nurses cleared wards & put groups of prisoners to bed.
____ & _____ gave injections or oral medications: resulted in death within minutes |
Ruoff, Willig
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In Hadamar, Bodies removed to ma____ ______, beds cleaned and process ______
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mass graves, repeated
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In hadamar, Secretary Judith Thomas prepared death certificates saying cause of death ____ ______. Physician _______ signed certificates
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lung disease, Whalmann
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about __ more groups killed in similar manner after first batch of people came to hadamar.
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20
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what was Huber's role in Hadamar? (4)
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-prepared rooms + deaths for patients
-responsible for controlled access to meds -present when death cirts completed -may have directly killed when Willig and Ruoff not present |
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when was huber arrested for Hadamar participation? (2 dates)
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march 1945, released then re-apprehended august 1945
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march 29, 1945, what overran the Hadamar institution?
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US troops
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Were Ruoff and Willig arrested for Hadamar?
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Yes.
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who were hadamar staff tried by? how many nurses?
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US military court, 3 nurses
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what was the charge of the hadamar participants?
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“violating international law” by “acting jointly and in pursuance of a common intent and acting for and on behalf of the then German Reich, willfully, deliberately and wrongfully, aid, abet and participate in the killing of human beings of Polish and Russian nationality, but aggregating in excess of 400, and who were then and there confined by the then German Reich as an exercise of belligerent control”
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Claim that Huber was beneficent & non-maleficent towards those killed said:
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Huber wished to render a last service to these people. She did not want to do them any harm. She did not even want to give them any idea that death awaited them, but wanted to do them good since they were there, and then she left them… She had a clear conscience”
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hadamar defendents used reversals of ________ to defend themselves.
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victimization
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what was the utilitarian argument to defend participants in Hadamar?
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“there was a grave danger of infecting other foreign workers, so that the removal of these Russians and Poles was in the interests of the rest…in general the people killed were those faced with permanent illness, for whom a completely painless death was a relief”
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outcome of 1st hadamar trial for nurses, hubor, ruoff and willig:
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-All 7 defendants guilty of violating international law
-Ruoff, Willig & Klein: death by hanging (March 14, 1946) -Huber: 25 years (released early 1952) |
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when was the nuremberg code adopted by AMA but not by the US gov?
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1947
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in 1947 2nd hadamar trial, what happened to huber?
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found guilty and sentenced 8 yrs
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what happened to 25 staff in 2nd hadamar trial?
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charged with killing over 15,000 german citizens
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what happened in the 1946 nuremberg physicians trial? how many defendents found guilty?
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Accused of exploiting human beings by forcing them to participate in research without consent. 15 found guilty, 7 sentenced to death
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what 4 parts were in nuremberg code to help codify research regulations?
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Scientific merit
Informed consent Right to withdraw Risk/benefit ratio |
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what was the Rehoboth Mission and when was it established?
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Established in 1902 by the Michigan-based Christian Reformed Church to evangelize the Navajo of the area. mission still continues today
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early nurses in Rehoboth Mission were under supervision of _______ and ________. nearly half were _____ immigrants
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physicians, ministers, dutch
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theme of manifest destiny:
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assimilation
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nursing and evangelism in the Rehoboth mission Focused on and condemned the _______ _____
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medicine men
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nursing and evangelism in the rehoboth mission Placed traditional healing practices in opposition to _______ work
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missionary
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cleanliness (with nurses) in the rehoboth mission reinforced believes in euro-american superiority. were in opposition to _____ (not germs)
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dirt
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in the rehoboth mission, nurses described themselves as hard working, _____, ______ healthcare, and trustworthy
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prompt, western
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in the rehoboth mission, the navajo were viewed as ______ and dangerous. they were viewed as culturally ______ due to incomplete historical knowledge. this discouraged _____ between patient and caregiver
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immature, inferior, trust
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superiority of "white" health care in rehoboth mission assumed euro-american and ______ superiority.
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religious
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superiority of "white" health care in rehoboth mission Excluded Navajos from being _____ partners in managing their own health care.
________ relationships of power between healthcare providers and patients |
active, hierarchical
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superiority of "white" health care in rehoboth mission blamed the navajo for their _____ problems
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health
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differences in the rehoboth mission were defined by the nurses as an essential component of their identity maintenance, _____ the nurses from their patients, and reinforced assumptions of white ______.
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distanced, superiority
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there is a Need for inclusion of _____-centered ethics, beyond an ethics of care
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relationship
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professional codes of ethics in health care reflects ____ that r morally acceptable in a profession. they also require _____ _____.
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values, moral agency,
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professional codes of ethics in health care also defines ____, _____, and _______ of practitioners.
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rights, duties, obligations
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professional codes of ethics provides _______ for decisions, discussions, behavior, and practice. Shapes education/curriculum, licensure, institutional _________
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guidance, accreditation
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codes of ethics in a profession reflect _____ autonomy of the profession
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practice
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Autonomy of profession requires _____/direction of regulation &/or licensure by members of the _______
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control, profession
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a role of professional associations includes to Set & ______ standards of practice and to Adopt & promote ____ of a code of ethics
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maintain, use
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a role of professional associations is to _____ scope of practice and preferred ________
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define, regulations
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a role of professional associations is to Offer ______ education opportunities
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ongoing
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The International Council of Nurses (ICN) represents nurses in more than ___countries
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128
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the ____ is the First and widest reaching international organization for health professionals
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ICN (international council for nurses)
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in 1899 the ICN was formed to ensure:
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high standards of nursing education and practice globally
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when was the Most recent review and revision of the ICN?
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2006
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ICN code has Emphasis on _____ for human rights:
-Right to ____ -Right to ______ Right to be treated with _____ |
respect, life, dignity, respect
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4 fundamental responsibilities of nurses:
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to promote health
to prevent illness to restore health to alleviate suffering |
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first ANA code formally adopted by ANA in _____
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1950
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4 ethical perspectives in the current ANA code:
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deontology, feminist ethics/ethics of care, utilitarianism, virtue ethics
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organizational culture is the:
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organization’s beliefs, values, attitudes, ideologies, practices, customs, and language
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organizational trust within organizations is the:
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essential ingredient
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fiduciary relationships:
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hold high value in organizations because these relationships represent a formal duty to another or others imposed by loyalty, commitment, and organizational structure
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compliance programs were designed to:
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prevent unlawful conduct and to promote conformity with externally imposed regulations
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compliance programs are Part of background for organizational ethics but
Not same as ____ programs |
ethics
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ethical communication involves high standard of ____ set by an ethical leader
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truth
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ethical relativism:
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the belief that it is acceptable for ethics and morality to differ among persons or societies.
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what were kant's categorical imperatives?
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the universal, unconditional frameworks of rules that ought to be followed to guide to know rightness of actions and one's moral duties
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what is the golden mean and who proposed it?
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aristotle- he realized that good things taken to an extreme can become bad. the golden mean in ways of being is where the virtues lie. ex: rashness -courage- coward
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in both eastern+western cultures, ethics is often intertwined with _____ or ______ thinking. ethics in eastern societies is usually indestinguisable from general eastern ________.
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philosophies
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both east+western philosophies of ethics examine human ______ and what is needed for people to move toward ____-____
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nature, well-being
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where the goal of western ethics is to achieve self-direction and understand themselves personally, it is the eastern's goal to understand:
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universal interconnections
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western ethics are based on human flaws that require an intermediary (God) to fix these imperfections. eastern ethics focus on:
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individuals' innate but unrecognized perfection and the ability to transcend earthly suffering thru one's own abilities
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eastern ethics are not imposed from outside of a person, but is imposed from ______ onself
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within
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a key event that led to the development of the ANA code of ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements as nurses know today was:
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the nursing paradigm shift in the 1970s from obedience to physicians to nurses' responsibility toward the care of their patients.
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what is the essense of the ANA code of ethics for Nurses today?
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the patient-centered code serves as a guideline for nurses' ethical actions in all areas of clinical practice as well as in other nursing roles
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a best practice when caring for a patient and family who do not share your own cultural heritage is first to:
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conduct a basic 5 question cultural assessment by approaching the patient and family with a keen awareness, complete cultural sensitivity, and with knowledge
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an instance of exemplary moral courage that you could demonstrate in clinical practice is to:
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confront a peer who you observed placing a vial of demerol in a jacket pocket.
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define ethical codes
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systematic guidelines for shaping ethical behavior that answer the normative questions of what beliefs and values should be morallyl accepted
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clinical ethics is The identification, ______, and ________ of
moral _____ concerning a particular patient |
analysis, resolution, problems
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clinical decisions ask ___ we? ethical decisions ask _____ we?
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can, should
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4 core principles of bioethics:
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justice, nonmalificence, autonomy, benificence
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shared decision-making involves Respect for ______, and is a Shift away from _______ toward informed consent
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autonomy, paternalism
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shared decision-making process (4):
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-Clinician proposes treatment plan
- Patient asks questions, deliberates • they decide together • Patient gives consent to treatment |
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define informed consent
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patient’s voluntary authorization of a
procedure based on his/her understanding of the relevant information |
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competence:
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Refers to global capacity to manage one’s affairs
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decision-making capacity (DMC) is a clinical term that requires (4):
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-Ability to understand information presented
• Understand the consequences of the options available • Ability to express a preference • Evidence of reasoning |
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DMC is task specific, which means:
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Patient may have DMC for one decision, but lack it for another
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