Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Normal serum sodium level
|
135-145 mEq/L
|
|
causes of hyponatremia
|
actual loss: excess sweat, diuretics, GI wound drainage, decr. aldosterone, renal disease
relative deficit: overuse of D5W, low Na+ diet, SIADH, CHF, freshwater drowning |
|
s/s of hyponatremia
|
anorexia, N/V, cramps, muscle weakness, lethargy, confusion, seizures, Na+ <135 mEq/L
|
|
treatment of hyponatremia
|
actual loss: Na+ replacement diet (PMS), saline IV
relative deficit: diuretic Osmitrol (mannitol), free water restriction |
|
causes of hypernatremia
|
actual excess: excess IV saline, hypertonic tube feeds w/o enough water
relative excess: decr. Na+ excretion - hyperaldosteronism, CRF, corticosteroid Tx, Cushing's synd. relative excess: fluid loss/defic. - decr. water intake, NPO, fever, hypervent., sweat, diarrhea |
|
s/s of hypernatremia
|
thirst, + temp, restlessness, seizures, muscle twitch, rubbery skin, dry MMs, tachycardia, fast thready pulse, decr. urine output, Na+ >145 mEq/L
|
|
treatment of hypernatremia
|
relative excess from fluid loss: D5W
relative excess from decr. Na+ excretion: 1/2 NS + diuretic actual excess: Na+ restriction |
|
normal serum potassium
|
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
|
|
causes of hypokalemia
|
actual deficit: diuretics, Cushing's synd, diarrhea, vomiting, NG suctioning, wound drainage, endstage CRF
relative deficit: alkalosis, water intoxication |
|
s/s of hypokalemia
|
muscle weakness, leg cramps, constipation, paralytic ileus, irritability, confusion, irregular pulse, heart block, orthostatic BP, shallow resp, K+ <3.5 mEq/L
|
|
treatment of hypokalemia
|
K+ supplement (oral or IV), USE CAUTION WITH IV K+, K-sparing diuretics, caution w/ digoxin, diet
|
|
causes of hyperkalemia
|
actual excess: overuse of salt substitutes, rapid IV LR, multiple blood transfusions
relative excess: CRF, overuse of K-sparing diuretics, tissue damage, acidosis |
|
s/s of hyperkalemia
|
diarrhea, abd cramps, muscle twitch, cardiac irregularities, resp. failiure, K+ >5.0 mEq/L
|
|
treatment of hyperkalemia
|
diuretics, cation exchange resin, glucose IV fluids + insulin, hemodialysis, low-K diet
|
|
normal serum calcium
|
total: 8.4-10.2 mg/dL
ionized: 4.65-5.28 mg/dL |
|
causes of hypocalcemia
|
pancreatic/small intestine disease, acute renal failure, vit D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia
|
|
s/s of hypocalcemia
|
tetany, tingling/numbness in extremities, facial muscle spasm (Chovstek's sign), carpopedal spasm (Trousseau's sign), laryngospasm, dyspnea, hyperactive reflexes, seizures, arrhythmias
|
|
treatment of hypocalcemia
|
oral Ca, Vit D3, IV Ca, parathyroid hormone, diet
|
|
causes of hypercalcemia
|
immobility, bone Ca, excess intake, incr. parathyroid hormone (CRF, adenoma of parathyroid), thiazide diuretic
|
|
s/s of hypercalcemia
|
constiptaion, N/V, polyurea, renal stones, decr. muscle tone, deep bone pain, reflexes decr., lethargy, coma
|
|
treatment of hypercalcemia
|
NS IV with Lasix, push fluids, avoid high Ca foods
|
|
normal serum magnesium
|
1.3-2.6 mEq/L
|
|
causes of hypomagnesemia
|
loss of intestinal fluids, malnutrition, renal probs, loop diuretics, parathyroid hormone deficiency
|
|
s/s of hypomagnesemia
|
confusion, hallucinations, seizures, incr. reflexes, parasthesias, tremors, spasms, arrhythmias
|
|
treatment of hypomagnesemia
|
magnesium-sulfate IM or Iv, diet
|
|
causes of hypermagnesemia
|
rare, renal failure, excess use of magnesium-containing antacids
|
|
s/s of hypermagnesemia
|
hypotension, cardiac arrest, resp. depression, reflexes decr.
|
|
treatment of hypermagnesemia
|
dialysis, calcium gluconate (magnesium antagonist)
|
|
Phosphate imbalance
|
assoc. with Ca++ and parathyroid probs, corrected with Ca++ imbalance, req. adequate renal function
|
|
chloride imbalance
|
rarely occur alone, closely assoc. with Na+ balance; inverse relationship with HCO3-
|