Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name the links in the chain of infection
|
Infectious agent
Reservoir Portal of Exit Means of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host |
|
|
Name the parts of the humoral immune response
|
B lymphocytes
Memory cells Plasma cells Antibodies |
|
|
Name the parts of the Cellular mediated immune response
|
thymus
regulator t cells effector t cells helper t cells suppressor t cells cytotoxic t cells |
|
|
Name the stages of the immune response
|
Stage I Recognition
Stage II Proliferation Stage III Response Stage IV Effector Stage |
|
|
What occurs during Stage I Recognition, of the Immune Response?
|
Circulating lymphocytes recognized foreign invaders. They usually hang out around lymph nodes near specific organs.
|
|
|
What occurs during Stage II Proliferation, of the Immune Response?
|
The sensitized circulating lymphocytes that contain the antigenic message return to the lymph nodes and stimulate resident T and B lymphocytes to enlarge, divide, and proliferate.
|
|
|
What occurs during Stage III Response, of the Immune Response?
|
During the response stage, the changed lymphocytes function in either a humoral or cellular fashion.
|
|
|
What occurs during Stage IV Effector, of the Immune Response
|
The immune response continues with the release of antibodies or killer T cells, which also triggers a series of events. Antibodies are formed. Agglutination and opsonization occur. The complement system is activated.
|
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for AIDS?
|
Sexual
percutaneous perinatal (Blood borne)\ |
|
|
What is the organism that causes AIDS?
|
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
|
|
What is the usual incubation period for AIDS?
|
Median of 10 years
|
|
|
What is the organism that causes Amebiasis?
|
Entamoeba
histolytica |
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for Amebiasis?
|
Contaminated water
|
|
|
What is the duration of the incubation period for Amebiasis?
|
2-4wks.
|
|
|
What is the causative organism for Chancroid?
|
Haemophilius
ducreyi |
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for Chancroid?
|
Sexual Contact
|
|
|
What is the duration of the incubation period for Chancroid?
|
3-5 dayes
|
|
|
What is the causative organism for chicken pox?
|
Varicell-zoster virus
|
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for chicken pox?
|
Airborne
|
|
|
What is the duration of the incubation period for Chicken pox?
|
About 14 days
|
|
|
What is the causative organism for Cholera
|
Vibrio
cholerae |
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for Cholera?
|
Ingestion of water contaminated with human waste
|
|
|
What is the incubation period for Cholera?
|
A few hours to 5 days
|
|
|
What are some of the causative organisms for Diarrheal disease?
|
Campylobacter species
Clostridium Difficile Saomonella species Shigella species Yersinia species |
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for Campylobacter?
|
Ingestion of contaminated water
|
|
|
What is the mode of transmission of C-diff?
|
Fecal-oral
|
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for Salmonella?
|
Ingestion of contaminated food or drink.
|
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for Shigella?
|
Ingestion of contaminated food or drink; indirect contact with carrier.
|
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for Yersinia?
|
Ingestion of contaminated food or drink; indirect contact with carrier.
|
|
|
What is the causative organism for gonorrhea?
|
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae |
|
|
What is the mode of transmission for gonorrhea?
|
Sexual
perinatal |
|
|
What is the incubation period for gonorrhea?
|
2-7 days
|
|
|
Immunization schedule for Diptheria-tetanus-pertusis (DPT)
|
6wks-2months
4 months 6 months 15-18 months 4-6 years |
|
|
Immunization schedule for Polio vaccine (2 forms)
|
Inactivated polio virus (IPV)
6 wks-2 months 4 months Oral polio virus (OPV) 12-15 months 4-6 years |
|
|
Immunization schedule for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)
|
12-15 months
4-6 years |
|
|
Immunization schedule for Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB)
|
Either 6 wks-2 months, 4 months or 6 onths
12-15 months |
|
|
Immunization schedule for Hepatitis B (HepB)
|
Birth to 2 months
1-4 months 6-18 months |
|
|
Immunization schedule for Varricella (Var)
|
12-18 months
|
|
|
What are lab tests that measure leukocytes and lymphocytes?
|
WBC count and differential
Bone marrow biopsy |
|
|
What are lab tests that measure Humoral (anti-body mediated) immunity?
|
* B cell quantification w/ monoclonal antibody
* In vivo immunoglobulin synthesis w/ T cell subsets * Specific Antibody response * Total serum globulins and individual immunoblogulins |
|
|
What are lab tests that gauge cellular (cell-mediated) immunity function?
|
* Total lymphocyte count
* T cell and T cell subset quantifiction w/ monoclonal antibodies * Delayed hypersensitivity skin test * Cytokine production * Lymphocyte response to mitogens, antigens, and allgeneic cells. * Helper and suppressor T cell function |
|
|
What are lab tests that gauge Phagocytic cell function?
|
Nitroblue tetrzolium reductase assay
|
|
|
What are lab tests that gauge Complement Component function?
|
* Total serum hemolytic complement
* Individual complement component * Radial immunidiffusion * Electroimmunoassay * Radioimmunoassay * Immunonephelometric assay * Immunoelectrophoresis |
|
|
What are lab test is done to check for HIV exposure?
|
* Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
* Western Blot * CD4 and CD8 cell counts * P24 antigen test * Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
|
|
What is a normal WBC count in and infant?
|
6,000 to 17,000
|
|
|
What is a normal WBC count in a preschooler?
|
5,500 to 15,500
|
|
|
What is a normal WBC count in a School age child?
|
4,500 to 13,500
|
|
|
What is a normal WBC count in a Adolescent/Adult?
|
4,500 to 11,000
|
|
|
What are the normal components of a Leukocyte count?
|
Neutrophils 60-70%
Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0-0.5% Monocytes 2-6% Lymphocytes 20-30% |
|
|
What is infection?
|
An infection is a condition in which the host interacts physiologically and immunologically with a microorganism
|
|
|
What is an infectious disease?
|
An infectious disease occurs when a host becomes ill due to infection. Such a disease is pathological condition of the body that presents a group of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings.
|
|
|
is there a difference between infectious and communicable diseases?
|
An infectious disease is a state of illness due to an infections. On the other had, a communicable disease is and infectious disease that may be transmitted to others.
|
|
|
What is immunity?
|
Immunity is a state in which a person is protected for specific microorgansims.
|
|
|
What are the different type of immunity?
|
This process can be natural or acquired, and acquired immunity can be active or passive. Passive immunity results from specific immunizations, while active immunity occurs through antibodies or sensitized T cells from a previous infection.
|
|
|
What are the 3 responses through which the immune system can attach foreign invaders?
|
* Phagocytic immune response
* Humoral/Antibody immune response * Cellular/Cytotoxic immune response |
|
|
Describe Phagocytic immune respoonse.
|
Where white blood cells move to the site of invasion and engulf the invaders.
|
|
|
Describe Humoral/Antibody immune response.
|
Where B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies, and these antibodies are transported in the bloodstream to disabale the invaders
|
|
|
Describe Cellular/Cytotoxic immune response
|
Where T lymphocytes transform into special cytotoxic killer T cells that attack pathogens.
|
|
|
In food-borne hepatitis the causative organism is
|
Hepatitis A Virus OR Hepatitis E Virus.
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission in Hepatitis A & E is
|
Ingestion of contaminated food or drink; direct contact with carrier.
|
|
|
The incubation period for Hepatitis A & E is
|
Hep A is 15-50 days
Hep E is UNCLEAR |
|
|
In Blood borne hepatitis the causative organism is
|
Hepatitis B, C, D, G Virus
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission for Hep B,C,and D are
|
Sexual
perinatal percutaneous |
|
|
The usual mode of transmission for Hep G is
|
Percutaneous
|
|
|
The incubation period for Hep B is
|
45-160 days
|
|
|
The incubation period for Hep C is
|
6-9 months
|
|
|
The incubation period for Hep D & G is
|
UNCLEAR
|
|
|
The causative organism in Herpes Simplex is
|
Human herpes virus type I & II
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission for Herpes simplex is
|
Contact with mucous membrane secretion
|
|
|
The incubation period for Herpes Simplex is
|
2-12 days
|
|
|
The causative organism for Hookworm disease is
|
Necator
americanus; Ancylostoma duodenale |
|
|
Usual mode of transmission for Hookworm disease is
|
Contact with soil contaminated with human feces.
|
|
|
The incubation period for Hookworm disease is
|
A few weeks to many months
|
|
|
The causative organism in Impetigo is
|
Staphylococcus
aureus |
|
|
The usual mode of transmission for Impetigo is
|
Contact with S. aureus carrier
|
|
|
The incubation period for Impetigo is
|
4-10 days
|
|
|
The causative organism in Influenza is
|
Influenza virus A, B, or C
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission for Influenza is
|
Droplet spread
|
|
|
The incubation period for Influenza is
|
24-72 hours
|
|
|
The causative organism in Lymphogranuloma venereum is
|
Clamydia
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission in Lymphogranuloma venereum is
|
Sexual
|
|
|
The incubation period for Lymphogranuloma venereum is
|
Weeks to Years
|
|
|
The causative organism in Mononuleosis is
|
Epstein-Barr virus
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission is
|
Contact with pharyngeal secretions
|
|
|
The incubation period for Mononucleosis is
|
4-6 wks
|
|
|
The causative organism in Mycoplasmal pneumonia is
|
Mycoplasma
pneumoniae bacteria |
|
|
The usual mode of transmission in Mycoplasmal pneumonia is
|
Droplet inhalation
|
|
|
The incubation period for Mycoplasmal pneumonia is
|
14-21 days
|
|
|
The causative organism in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
|
Pneumocystis carnii protozoan
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission for Pneuomocystis carinii is
|
Unknown, not transmitted person to person
|
|
|
The incubation period for Pneumocystis carinii is
|
Infants 1-2 months
Adult UNCLEAR |
|
|
The causative organism in Pnemococcal pneumonia is
|
Steptococcus
pneumoniae bacteria |
|
|
The usual mode of transmission in Pneumococcal pneumonia is
|
Droplet spread
|
|
|
The incubation period for Pneumococcal pneumonia is
|
1-3 days
|
|
|
The causative organsim in Respiratory Syncytial disease is
|
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
(RSV) |
|
|
The usual mode of transmission for Respiratory Syncytial disease is
|
Self inoculation by mouth or nose after contact with infectious respiratory secretions
|
|
|
The incubation period for Repiratory Syncytial Disease is
|
3-7 days
|
|
|
The causative organsim in Syphilis is
|
Treponema pallidum bacteria
|
|
|
The usual mode of transmission in Syphilis is
|
Sexual
perinatal |
|
|
The incubation period for Syphilis is
|
10 day to 10 wks
|
|
|
The causative organism in Tuberculosis is
|
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis bacteria |
|
|
The usual mode of transmission in TB is
|
Airborne
|
|
|
The incubation period for TB is
|
4-12 weeks to the formation of primary lesion
|
|
|
Name Gram-positive cocci
|
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) Streptococcus (Group B) Streptococcus viridans |
|
|
What are the sub-categories of Staphylococcus aureus?
|
Non-penicillinase producing
Penicillinase producing Methicillin resistant |
|
|
What are ABT's that fight Non-penicillinase producing organisms?
|
PCN G or V
1st generation cephalosporins Vancomycin |
|
|
What are ABT's that fight Penicillinase producing organism?
|
1st generation cephalosporins
Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin methicillin |
|
|
What are ABT's that fight Methicillin resistant organsisms?
|
Vaoncomycin
Gentamicin Rifampin |
|
|
What are ABT's that fight Streptococcus pneumoniae?
|
PCN G or V
|
|
|
What are ABT's that fight Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)
|
PCN G or V
|
|
|
What are ABT's that fight Streptococcus (Group B)?
|
PCN G
Erythromycin |
|
|
What are ABT's that fight Streptococcus viridans?
|
PCN G
Gentamicin |
|
|
Name Gram-postive bacilli
|
Bacillus anthracis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium, JK strain Listeria moncytogenes |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Bacillus anthracis
|
PCN G
Erythromycin |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Corynebacterium diptheriae
|
Erythromycin
|
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Corynebacterium JK strain
|
Vancomycin
Gentamicin |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Listeria moncytogenes
|
Amikacin
Gentamicin |
|
|
Name Gram-negative cocci
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitides |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
Ceftriaxone
Cefixime |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Neisseria meninmitides
|
PCN G
Cefotaxime |
|
|
Name Gram-negative enteric bacilli
|
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis Salmonella species |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight E coli
|
Cefotaxime
Ceftizoxime |
|
|
Name ABT's that figth Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
Cefotaxime
Ceftizoxime |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Proteus mirabilis
|
Ampicillin
Cephalsporin |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Salmonella species
|
Ceftriazone
Fluororquinolone |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
Fluoroquinolone
Carbenicillin |
|
|
Name some Gram-positive Anaerobes
|
Clostridium difficle
Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani |
|
|
Name some Gram-negative Anaerobes
|
Bacteroides (GI strains)
|
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Clostridium difficle (C-diff)
|
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
|
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Clostridium perfringens
|
PCN G
Metronidazole (Flagyl) |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Clostridium tetani
|
PCN G
Tetracycline |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Bacteriodes (GI strain)
|
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Clindamycin |
|
|
Name some Mycoplasms
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
|
Nmae ABT's that fight Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
Erythromycin
Tetracycline Clarithromycin |
|
|
Name some Spirochetes
|
Treponema pallidum (Syphillis)
|
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Treponema pallidum (Syphillis)
|
PCN G
|
|
|
Name some Fungi
|
Asperigillus
Candida |
|
|
Name ABT's that fight Asperigillus and Candida
|
Amphotericin B
Fluconazole itraconazole |
|
|
Name some viruses
|
Herpes simplex
|
|
|
Name some drugs used to treat Herpes simplex
|
Vidarabine
Acyclovir |
|
|
Types of ABT's that inhibit cell wall sythesis
|
PCN
Cephalospofins Vancomycin Bacitracin Cycloserine |
|
|
Types of ABT's that alter membrane permeability
|
Amphotericin B
Nystatin Polymysix Colistin |
|
|
Types of ABT's that inhibit protein synthesis and impede replication of genetic information
|
Nalidixic acid
Griseofulvin Novobiocin Rifamppin Pyrimethatmine |
|
|
Name ABT's that Inhibit protein synthesis by impairing translation of genetic information
|
Chloramphenicol
Tetracycline Erythromycin Aminoglycosides Lincomycin |
|
|
Name ABT's that are antimetabolites
|
Sulfonamides
Paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS) Isoniazid (INH) Ethambutol |
