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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine glands
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structures within the body that secrete hormones
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adrenal cortex
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secretes three types of corticosteroid hormones; glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones
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mineralocorticoids
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steroid hormones that are responsible for regulating fluid and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
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aldesterone
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mineralcorticoid; involved in sodium, water and potassium balance and in decreasing and stabilizing high blood pressure
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adrenal medulla
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secretes two catecholamine hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine
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sympathetic nervous system
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helps the body respond to stress by diverting blood flow away from the GI tract and toward the heart and muscles
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thyroid
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endocrine gland that is located in the base and anterior portion of the neck
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calcitonin
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increasing calcium deposition in bones and by aiding in serum calcium regulation; secreted by thyroid
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triiodothyronine and thyroxine (t3 & t4)
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secreted by thyroid; known as thyroid hormone; involved in the synthesis of protein and in the speeding of cellular metabolism; controlled by TSH; Iodine is also important for t3 and t4 synthesis
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Thyroid stimulating hormone
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secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
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parathyroid glands
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4 small endocrine glands that are located in the neck; behind thyroid gland
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parathormone
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secreted by parathyroid; decreases serum phosphate and potassium levels in the blood; regulates serum calcium levels
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pituitary gland or hypophysis
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located on the anterior portion of the brain; attached to lower portion of hypothalamus; regulates growth, reproduction and a number of metabolic processes; master gland of endocrine system
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anterior pituitary lobe
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secretes growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, lutenizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone
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growth hormone
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somatotropic hormone; stimulates growth through proten anabolism; increases blood glucose levels; breaks down fat in tissue; primary external factors are exercise and stress
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anabolism
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extracts nutrients from the blood for cellular growth and development
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follicle stimulating hormone
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stimulates extrogen secretion in women
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prolactin
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stimulates the production of breast milk
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lutenizing hormone
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stimulates both estrogen seccccretion and ovulation in women; testerone secretion in men
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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stimulates the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland
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thyroid stimulating hormone
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stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone in thyroid gland
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Posterior pituitary lobe
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secretes and stores two important hormones that are originally produced in hypothalamus; oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
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oxytocin
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secreted during pregnancy; stimulates mlik ejection and increases muscle tone and contraction of the uterus during birth
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antidiuretic hormone
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vasopressin; water absorption by the kidneys and regulation of urine output; raises bp; secretion increases when bp drops
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kidneys
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two lima bean shaped organs that are located in the back of the abdominal cavity; forms urine, regulates fluids and electrolytes; maintains electrolyte/acid base balance; regulates blood pressure
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cortex
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outer layer of kidney; contains glomeruli - networks of capillaries that are involved in urine production
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medulla
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inner layer of kidney
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renal pelvis
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part of kidney that collects urine
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nephron
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functional unit of kidney
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glomerular filtration
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nephrons contain glomeruli that are involved in urine formation
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urea
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waste product of the metabolism of protens and amino acids
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creatinine
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waste product of skeletal muscle metabolism
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uric acid
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product of purine metabolism
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androgens
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sex hormone; stimulates male sex charateristics
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estrogens
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sex hormone; stimulate female sex characteristics
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pheochromocytoma
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genetic neuroendocrine disorder that is usually caused by a tumor in the adrenal medulla; almost always benign; increases epinephrine and norepinephrine hormone secretion; HTN, headache, excessive sweating, increased BMR w/ weight loss, Hyperglycemia
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hyperhidrosis
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excessive sweating
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serum catecholamine assays
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lab test that detects high levels of epinepherine and norepinephrine in the patient's plasma
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vanillymandelic acid (VMA)
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catecholamine metabolites
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Cushing's syndrome
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caused by high levels of corticosteroids; especially glucocorticoids
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buffalo hump
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excessive fat deposits i the neck and shoulders
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truncal obesity
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weight gain in the face, back and trunk
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ecchymoses
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areas of SQ hemorrhage
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hirsuitism
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excessive facial hair in women
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gynecomastia
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breast enlargement
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hypophysectomy
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removal of the pituitary gland
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Addison's disease
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insuficent production of corticosteroid hormones by the adrenal gland
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Addisonian crisis
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result of emotional or physiological stress; dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiac dysrhytmias, rapid respirations, circulatory collapse if the above symptoms are untreated
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acromegaly
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chronic endocrine disorder caused by the overproduction of growth hormone; usually because of a benign adenomausually occurs following the closure of epiphyses
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adenoma
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tumor in the anterior pituitary gland
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somnolence
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prolonged state of drowsiness
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antitussives
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cough suppressants
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syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
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regulatory disorder r/t excessive secretion from the posterior pituitary lobe; hypdersecretion of ADH/vasopressin; oliguria; weight gain and fluid retention that is centered in the brain
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dwarfism
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occurs when insufficient secretion of GH during childhood;`
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Diabetes insipidus
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insufficient secretion of ADH by the osterior pituitary lobe; commonly prcipitated by head injury, brain tumor, or hypothalamic dysfunction; lithium may also contribue to the sudden development of DI; increased thirst and polyuria
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Hyperthyroidism
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excessive amounts of circulating thyroid hormone
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Graves' disease
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autoimmune thyroid disorder; first appears during times of developmental body change (puberty, pregnancy, and menopause); increased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system; body is more sensitive to the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine; associated with stress and depression; increased risk for developing osteoperosis
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Graves' disease symptoms
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elevated levels of thyroxine (T4); gradual weight loss; polyphagia; amenorrhea
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polyphagia
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overeating or binge eating
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hyperdefecation
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increased numbers of bowel movements
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hyperflexia
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increased joint flexion
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thyrotoxicosis
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circulating thyroid hormone is particularly excessive; exophthalmos
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exophthalmos
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protrusion or bulging of the eyeballs
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lagophthalmos
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eyelid lag or incomplete closure of the eyelid
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diplopia
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double vision
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antithyroid medications
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inhibits the production of t3 and t4
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radioactive iodine ablation
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chemical destruction of the thyroid gland
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laryngeal stridor
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highpitched harsh sound during inspiration as well as wheezing caused by laryngeal spasms
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tetany
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complication of thyroid surgery; caused by accidental removal or nicking of the parathyroid glands
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Trousseau's sign
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spasm of the hand and wrist occurs when pressure is applied to the nerves and blood vessels of the upper arm
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Chvostek's sign
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twitching or spasm of the eye, nose, and mouth when the facial nerve is sharply tapped anterior t o the ear and near the angle of the jaw
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Peroneal sign
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Foot dorsiflexes and everts when the fibular side over the peroneal nerve is tapped with the fingers
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Thyroid storm
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manipulation of the thyroid gland during surgery causes high levels of thyroid horme to be released into the bloodstream; can also develop during periods of severe stress, radioactive iodine treatment, and sudden withdrawal from antithyroid medications
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Hypothyroidism
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inadequate amounts of circulating thyroid hormone
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Hashimoto's disease
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autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland
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myxedema
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advanced hypothyroidism
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cretinism
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congenital condition related to inadequate amounts of thyroid hormone during fetal and newborn development
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hyperparathyroidism
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excessive amounts of circulating parathyroid hormone; related to benign parathyroid tumors; most common in older women
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hypoparathyroidism
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insufficient amounts of parathyroid hormone; occurs as a result of accidental removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid or radical neck surgery
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endemic goiter
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large and visible thyroid; occurs when a person's iodine intake is deficient
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acute renal failure
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abrupt loss of renal function over a period of hours or days with marked decrease in urinary output
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oliguric phase
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1st phase of ARF; 8-18 days; low urine output of less than 400 mL/day
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anuric
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urine output of less than 100 mL/day
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Kussmaul's breathing
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occurs in relation to metabolic acidosis; very deep respirations taken in attempt to rid the body of excess carbon dioxide
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erythropoietin
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stimulates the production of red blood cells; normally made in the kidneys
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diuretic phase
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2nd phase of ARF; urine volume increases gradually and significantally; urine output levels of over 2000 mL/day
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recovery phase
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3rd stage of ARF; 3-12 months; urine and blood values normalize
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cation potassium exchange resin
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causes potassium and sodium changes places
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chronic renal failure
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chronic, irreversible kidney disorder characterized by a decreased glomerular filtration rate in relation to nephron destruction in the kidneys; caused by poorly controled DM, chronic hypertension and kidney infection
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diminished renal reserve
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initial phase of CRF; may be experiencing up to 75% nephron loss and a gradual decline in ability to concentrate urine
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renal insufficiency
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2nd stage of CRf; headache, polyuria, and nocturia;
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end-stage renal disease
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final stage of CRF; metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and sevee uremia or zaotemia
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uremia or azotemia
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urea or nitrogenous waste products in the blood
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uremic fetor
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strong smell of ammonia on the breath
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uremic frost
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powdery white urea flakes on the skin
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renal osteodystrophy
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abnormal bone growth
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hypoproteinemia
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protein deficiency in the blood
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malaise
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general fatigue
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paroxysmal renal colic
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sudden, sharp, and very severe pain that often radiates through the thigh and genital area
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pyuria
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pus in the urine
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nephrosis
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chronic condition that occurs as a result of degenerative changes in the kidneys, especially in the renal tubules
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nephrotic syndrome
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pathological changes in the kidneys themselves cause protein to be excreted in large amounts in urine; related increased glomerular permability
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ascites
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fluid accumulation
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hydronephrosis
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stretching of the renal pelvis secondary to urinary outflow obstruction
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nephrostomy
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drain is placed in the renal pelvis to allow urine to flow out of the obstructed kidney
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polycystic kidney disase
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multiple cysts form in the kidneys
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