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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What solution has the same osmotic pressure as blood
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Isotonic or iso-osmolar solutions
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Which solution has a lower osmotic pressure than blood
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hypotonic or hypo-osmolar solutions
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What balances fluid volume in the body
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Thirst to replenish
Kidney to excrete Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism Antidiuretic hormone Atrial nartiuretic factor |
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What is the function of the aldosterone hormone
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Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium
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How is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism initiated
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Decreased perfusion to the kidneys, which then releases renin.
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What does renin combine with to form angiotensin 1
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angiotensinogen
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What is the function of angiotensin II
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It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
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How does the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) function
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Increase the reabsorption of water
Released in response to increased osmolality Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland |
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Where and why is atrial natriuretic peptide released
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Atrium is stretched from fluid overload
It is released in the atrium of the heart, when the atrium is stretch from fluid overload. |
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What is the function of natriuretic peptide?
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Acts to decrease fluid retention by blocking the secretion and action of aldosterone and inhibiting renin secretion
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What refers to fluid volume deficit, fluid loss, reduced fluid intake, and fluid shift out of vascular space
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Hypovolemia
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What are some causes of hypovolemia
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Fluid loss
Hemorrhage, polyuria, vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, fever, excessive nasogastric suctioning |
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Other than fluid loss what other measures would cause hypovolemia
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Reduced fluid intake. Fluid shift from extracellular fluid as in burns, pancreatitis, crushing injuries, acute intestinal obstruction
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Give examples of clinical manifestations of hypovolemia
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Hypotension, thirst, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membrane, decrease in urinary output
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What solutions are order intravenously for hypovolemia
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isotonic solutions
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What does the doctor order in cases of hypovolemia
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oral/parenteral fluids
hemorrhage/blood products antidiarrheals/diarrhea antiemetics/vomiting vasopressors/shock |
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Define hypervolemia
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Fluid volume excess or abnormally increased volume of blood
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Define Edema
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An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues
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Define third spacing
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Loss of extracellular fluid from the vascular to other body compartments.
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Give an example of third spacing
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Ascits
pleural effusion |
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Hypervolemia
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Increase of sodium and water retention
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Name some signs of hypervolemia
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Dyspnea Crackles Hypertension Edema Ventricular gallop
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What is the treatment for hypervolemia
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Restrict sodium and water fluid.
NPO |
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Which cation is largely responsible for osmotic pressure of the excellular fluid compartment
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Na (sodium)
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How is sodium regulated
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Kidneys are the main regulated
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Hyponatremia
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Deficeit of sodium
Water to shift out of the excellular spaces into the cells |
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Hypernatremia
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Water to shift out of the cells
Excess of sodium |
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What are some causes of hyponatremia
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Diuretic therapy/excessive diuresis excessive water intake
vomiting/diarrhea/fistula adrenocorticoid insufficiency |
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How is hypernatremia treated
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Infusion of sodium bicarbonate, hypertonic saline, isotonic saline
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What are some symptoms of hyponatremia
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anorexia, lethargy, and disorientation
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