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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What chief electrolyte of the ECF
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Na+ Sodium
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What is the major cation of ICF
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K+ Potassium
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What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body
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Ca+ Calcium
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Where is most of the cation magnesium found
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Within body cells such as the heart, bone, nerve, and musscle tissues
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What is the second most important cation in the ICF
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Mg+ Magnesium
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What is the chief extracellular ion ECF
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Cl- Chloride
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What is the major chemical base buffer within the body
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HCO3 Bicarbonate
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What the the major anion in body cells and acts as a buffer in both ICF and ECF
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PO Phosphate
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What is Na function
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Controls and regulates the volume of body fluid
Maintains water balance Primary regulator of ECF volume Influences ICF volume Participates the the generation and transmission of nerve impulses Essential electrolyte in the NaK pump |
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What is K function
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Chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and cellular water content
Plays a vital role in transmission of electric impulses, in the heart, nerves, skeletal, intestinal, lung tissue Protein and carbohydrate metabolism and cellular building Assists in regulation of acidbase balance by cellular exchange with H+ |
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What is Ca function
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Necessary for nerve impulse transmission and blood clotting
Catalyst for muscle contraction Needed for vitamin B absorption and for its use by body cells Acts as a catalyst for many cell chemical activities Strong bones and teeth Determines the thickness and strength of cell memebranes |
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What is Mg function
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Important for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins
Important for many vital reactions involving enzymes protein and DNA synthesis DNA and RNA transcription translation of RNA Maintains normal intracellulr levels of K Maintain electrical activity in nervous tissue membranes and muscle membranes |
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What is Cl- function
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Acts with sodium to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
Role in the body's acidbase balance Important buffering action when O2 and CO2 exchange in RBC Essential for the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices |
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What is HCO3 function
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Essential for acidbase balance
bicarbonate and carbonic acid constitue the body's primary buffer system |
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What is PO- funciton
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Maintains the body's acid base balance
Involved in important chemical reaction in the body Important in cell division and for the transmissio of hereditary traits |
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How is Na excesses eliminated
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Kidneys and small amounts lost in feces and perspiration
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What are the leading food sources for K
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bananas peaches oranges broccoli and potatoes
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How is K excreted
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Kidneys deficits occur if potassium excretion in excess without being replaced simultaneously
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What is the average daily requirement for Ca in adults and children
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Adults require about 1g
Children and pregnant women by body weight 1500mg day for older adults |
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The use of Ca is stimulated by vitamin D, most active form of vitamin D is
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Calcitiol responsible for promoting calcium absorption and limiting calcium excretion when levels are inadequate
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How is Ca excreted
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Urine, feces, bile, digestive secretions, and perspiration
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What is the average daily adult requirement of Mg
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18-30mEq, children requiring larger amounts
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What foods are Mg found
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most foods especially in vegetables, nuts, fish, whole grains, peas, and beans
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What foods are Cl found
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Foods high in Na, dairy products, and meat
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Where can HCO3 be lost
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diarrhea, diuretics, and early renal insufficiency
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Where can HCO3 excesses excrete
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Overingestion of acid neutralizers
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What is the average daily requirements of PO
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1g for adults; higher amounts for children and pregnant women
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The normal extracellular concentration of Na
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135-145mEq/l
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What electrolyte is maintianed in the body within a relatively narrow range and deviates quickly resulting in serious health provlems
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Na
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T/F Sodium concentrations affected by salt, as well as water intake
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True
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Where is Na conserved
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Through reabsorption in the kidneys stimulated by aldosterone
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Where is K conserved
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The Na pump. When Na is excluded conservation by kidneys wwhen K decreased
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What hormone triggers K excretion in urine
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Aldosterone
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What is the normal range of serum K
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3.5 to 5mEq/L
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What hormone increasingly secreted increases the release of Ca
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Explain the process of parathyroid hormone and Ca
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PTH increase secretion; increases the release of Ca from bones into the blood and to increase reabsorption for kidneys and intestine when ECF levels are decreased
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T/F High serum phosphate concentration results in increased serum Ca level
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False it results in decreased Ca level
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T/F A high serum phosphate concentration leads to increased serum Ca
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False A low serum phosphate concentration leads to increased serum Ca
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Where is calcitonin hormone secreted
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Thyroid gland
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T/F Increases in calcitonin resulting in reduced serum calcium concentration primarily by opposing osteoclast bone resorption
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True
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Where is Mg absorbed and excreted
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Kidneys
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What is the plasma concentrations of Mg
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Ranging from 1.3-2.1mEq/L
1/3 bound to plasma proteins |
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What is Cl- normally paired with what electrolyte
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Na
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Where is Cl exerted and conserved with sodium
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kidneys
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Deficit of what eletrolyte leads to K deficits
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Cl-
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What electrolyte deficit leads to Cl deficits
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K
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What are the normal serum Cl levels
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95-105mEq/L
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What regulates the bicarbonate levels
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Kidneys
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Carbon dioxide formation during metabolism makes what elecytrolyte readily available
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bicarbonate
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What are normal bicarbonate levels
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25-29mEq/L
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What regulates PO and activates PO
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PTH regulates and Vitamin D activates PO
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An increase in Ca causes what electrolyte to decrease
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PO
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An increase in PO causes what electrolyte to decrease
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Ca
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What is the normal range of PO
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25 to 45 mEq/L
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What provides nourishment to each body cell and receives each cell's waste products
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ECF
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What is provided to the body when ECF nourishers each body cell and receives each cell;s waste products
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Fluid balance and homeostasis that are essential to life
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What is the most common routes for transporting materials to and from intracellular compartments
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osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and filtration
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What is osmosis
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Major method of transporting body fluids. Water to be transported through cell walls
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What is vital to all forms of life
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fluids
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What do fluids do for the body
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they maintain body temperature and cell shape, and they help transport nutrients, gases and wastes
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What is the largest single component of the body and at what percent
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water at 60%
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Name some functions of water in the body
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transports nurtrients to cells and waste from cells
acts as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes helps maintain normal body temp. facliltate digestion and promote elimination acts as a tissue lubricant |
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Which organs work to maintain proper fluid balance
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all organs but mainly lungs, skin, and kidneys
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T/F To maintain fluid balance fluid gained must equal the amount of fluid lost throughout the day
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true
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define solvents
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liquids that hold a substance in solution (water)
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Define solutes
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substances dissolved in a solution (electrolytes and non-electrolytes)
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How can fluid loss be measured
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From urine, defecation (diarrhea) and wounds
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On average how much sensible loss is by an adult
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On average 100-200cc defecation
5000cc in severe diarrhea per day |
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Define insensible loss
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Fluid that cannot be measured
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Define sensible loss
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Fluid that can be measured
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How much insensible loss by an adult
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skin - 600ml depending on activity
Lungs - 400ml depending on climate |
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How much intake is by a normal healthy adult
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2000-2500cc
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Give examples of intake and their weights
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liquids 1500ml
solid foods 800ml H2O of oxidation 300ml (egauls 2600ml) |
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Give examples of output by a healthy normal adult
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skin - 600ml
lungs - 400ml kidneys - 1500ml intestines - 100ml (equals 2600ml) |
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Where does the body hold its fluids
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intracellular and extracellular
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Define intracellular and what percentage of body weight
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fluids found in the cell
makes up 40% of body weight |
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Define extracellular and what percentage of body weight
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fluids found outside the cell
makes up 20% of body weight |
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Of the two compartments, intracellular and extracellular, what percentage of fluid is in each cell and out of each cell respectively
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ICF within the cell is 70%
ECF outside the cell is 30% |
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T/F A child without fluids for one day is more harmful than an adult without fluid
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True
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Why do women and obese people have less body water
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They have more adipose tissue, and that does not contain water
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An infant at birth has how much body water
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80%
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A premature infant has how much body water
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90%
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T/F Sex and amount of fat cells affect body water
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True
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Explain intracellular fluid (within cell)
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Comprises all fluid within body cells
The fluid contains dissolved solutes essential to fluid and electrolyte balance and metabolism |
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Explain extracellular fluid (outside cell)
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It is broken down into 2 types of fluid interstitial and intravascular
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Explain interstitial fluid
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The fluid between the cells and outside the blood vessels
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Explain intravascular fluid
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Blood plasma, the liquid portion of the blood
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Other than interstitial and intravasculr fluid what other extracellular fluid is there
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transcellular and organ
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What is the transcellular fluid
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It is in the cerebrospinal column, pleural cavity, joints, eyes, and lymph; generally not subject to significant gains and losses
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Give some factors affecting proportions of body fluids
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Disease process
Body fat |
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T/F Percentage of water as body weight decreases with age until puberty
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True
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After the age of 60 at what percentage does water drop and why
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Water contents drop to 45% due to loss of skeletal muscle
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What is defined as minerals or salts in the body's water
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electrolytes
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Explain how an electrolyte carries a charge
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When it is dissolved in water or another solvent separates into ions and carries an electrical charge, electrical charges make cells function normally
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What kind of charge do cation and anions have
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cations are a positive charge
anions have a negative charge |
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Should cations and anions be balanced in each compartment
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yes
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Why is important that fluids and solutes move constantly within the body
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the movement allows the body to maintain homeostasis
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Why do fluids and electrolytes constantly shift from compartment to compartment
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To facilitate the body process i.e. tissue O2, acid-base balance, and urine formaiton
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Cell membranes separate body fluid compartments and are selectively pereable. How do water, ions, and molecules pass
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water passes through easily
ions and molecules pass more slowly |
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Explain osmosis
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water passes from area of lesser solute concentration to greater concentaration until equilibrium is established
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Explain diffusion
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Tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent
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Explain active transport
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It requires energy for movement of substances through cell membrane from lesser solute concentration to higher solute concentration
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Explain filtration
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Passage of fluid through permeable membrane from area of higher to lower pressure
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Explain the movement of Osmosis
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Osmosis involves the movement of a pure solevent, such as water, theough a semipremeable membrane, from an area of less solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration
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What does the rate of osomosis depend on
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The concentration of the solutes in solution, the temperature of solution, the electrical charges of the solutes
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Explain blood hydrostatic pressure
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The pressure of plasma and blood cells against in the capillary
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What is called the movement of fluid through capillaries
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capillary filtration
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what is tonicity
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whether water will move or stay
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what is hyperosmolarity
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serum osmolilty greater than 295mOsm/kg
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What is hypoosmolarity
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serum osmolilty less than 275mOsm/kg
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Does osmolilty affect tonicity
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yes
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What does the intravascular space consist of
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arteries, veins, and capillaries
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What does the interstital space
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Area surrounding the cells
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What does extracellular fluid is composed of
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Na,Cl,HCO3, and protein
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The intracellular compartment is primarily what
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water
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What maintains the fluid balance between the intravascular and interstitial spaces
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Capillary membranes
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What does active transport consist of
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osmosis, diffusion, and filtration
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Define diffusion
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Movement of ions and molecules across semipremable membrane of an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is met
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Define filtration
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Water and dissolved solutes move out of an area of higher hydostatic pressure to an area of lower pressure
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Give an example of filtration
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Greater pressure at the aterial end of the capillary bed pushes fluid through the capillary membrane into the interstitial stace
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Example of a active transport system
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Na K pump it moves substances from a area of low solute concentration to an area of higher concentration
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Define osmolarity
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measure of number of the particles dissolved in a solution
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serum osmolality
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Determined by fluid volume and the amount of particles such as Na, HCO3, protein, glucose, and uria in the extracellular compartment
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Isotonic or Iso-osmolar solutions have the same osmotic pressure as blood. Give examples
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Normal Saline(o.9%NaCl)
Lactated Ringer 5% dextrose in water (D5W) |
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What occurs when isotonic solution is given to a patient
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Blood cells go through no change in isotonic solution,it will remain in the extracellular compartment
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Give examples of a hypotonic IV solution
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1/2 normal saline(0.45%NaCl)
2.5% dextrose in water (D2.5W) |
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What occurs when a hypotonic solution is given to a patient
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Has a lower osmotic pressure than the blood. Shift fluid from the extracellular compartment into the cells
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What occurs when a hypertonic solution is given to a patient
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Pulls the fluid in the extracellular fluid spaces
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