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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the route blood takes to and through the heart?
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Sup/Inf Vena cava -> R atrium -> R ven -> pulmonary valve -> pul art -> lungs -> pul vein -> L atrium -> L vent -> aortic valve -> aorta
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Where does the heart get its oxygen?
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Coronary circulation
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What is Cardiac Output?
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Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Amount of blood pumped by heart every minute |
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What is stroke volume?
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Amount of blood pumped by L ventricle contraction
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What is preload?
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volume of blood in ventricles right before contraction - influenced by venous return
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What is afterload?
What is it mainly influenced by? |
the amount of pressure needed to overcome vascular resistance
- amount of pressure needed to pump blood into circulation - mainly influenced by aorta |
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What is contractility?
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The force of contraction by myocardium
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How is HR regulated?
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increased by sympathetic NS
decreased by parasympathetic NS |
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What causes LV hypertrophy?
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increase in systemic resistance - hypertension - enlarges to compensate and overcome increased afterload
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What three broad categories affect blood pressure?
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- Blood volume
- peripheral resistance - cardiac output (HR and SV) |
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What (2) affects blood volume?
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fluid loss (dehydration)
Fluid retention (hormones - aldosterone, ADH) |
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What (3) can affect peripheral resistance?
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- activation of sympathetic NS
- renin/angiotensin II - increased viscocity of blood |
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What can affect the CO?
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- Stroke volume - preload, contractility, afterload
- Heart rate - symp/para NS, epinephrine |
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What is anuria?
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less than 30cc urine produced per hour
- renin |
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What is primary hypertension?
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no specific cause
heredity, obesity, diet, lifestyle 90-95% of all cases no warning S&S |
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What are some l(4) ate signs of primary hypertension?
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- retinal hemorrhage
- arteriolar narrowing - cotton wool spots in vision - papilledema (swelling of optic disc) |
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What are some (4) pathological changes due to primary hypertension?
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- CAD/CHD - atherosclerosis
- kidney damage - microvasculature - stroke - heart failure |
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What is secondary hypertension?
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Has an underlying pathology
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What are some (4) causes of secondary hypertension?
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- renal disease (polycystic)
- adrenal dysfunction (Cushing's = incr cortisol) - hyperthyroidism - pregnancy |
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What is a hypertensive crisis?
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BP >200
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What is the effect of stress on CO?
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- increase - incr BP
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What is the effect of pheochromocytoma on BP
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Incr - increase of catecholamines
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What is benign hypertension?
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mild/moderate
responsive to therapy |
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What is malignant hypertension?
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untreated hypertension that does not respond to meds, chronically elevated BP
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What is normal BP
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under 120 and under 80
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What is prehypertension?
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120-139
80-89 |
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What is stage 1 hypertension?
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140-159
90-99 |
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What is stage 2 hypertension?
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>160
>100 |
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What is postural drop?
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When posture change causes BP decr, generally when older since do not have as much vascular pressure to return blood to heart
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What are the results of hypertension on heart?
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L ventricle hypertrophy
heart failure |
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What are the results of hypertension on vessels?
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arteriosclerosis (hardening)
atherosclerosis (fat deposit) kidney disease brain attack |
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What 5 ways is BP normally controlled?
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1. vasomotor centre
2. baroreceptors (in arteries) 3. chemoreceptors - O2, CO2, pH 4. ADH 5. renin (kidney)/angiotensin II |
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Where is the vasomotor centre?
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medulla oblongata
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What is a hormone that dilate blood vessels?
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- epinephrine
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What are 3 hormones that constrict blood vessels?
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- AGII
- ADH - norepinephrine |
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What responds to baroreceptors?
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vasomotor centre of medulla oblongata
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How do (2 ways) the adrenal glands affect BP?
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aldosterone - alters blood volume
nor/epi - alters blood vessels |
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What is another name for furosemide?
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Lasix
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What is a side effect of hydrochlorothiazide?
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hypokalecemia - need to supply nutritionally
K wasting diuretic |
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What is the goal of BP management?
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140/90
diabetic - 130/80 |
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What are 3 pharmacological therapies of hypertension?
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- diuretics
- beta blockers - ACE inhibitors - ARBs |
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What are some diuretics commonly used?
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- Lasix/furosemide
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Where to beta blockers work?
common endings? |
block sympathetic stimulation
-'olols |
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What is an ARB?
common ending? |
Angiotensin receptor blocker
- block AGII = vasodilation - 'sartans |
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What are ACE inhibitors?
common ending? |
blocks angiotensin converting enzyme, so cannot constrict blood vessels
- 'prils |
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What responds to baroreceptors?
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vasomotor centre of medulla oblongata
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How do (2 ways) the adrenal glands affect BP?
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aldosterone - alters blood volume
nor/epi - alters blood vessels |
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What are examples of K wasting diuretics?
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hydrochlorozide (HCT)
Lasix (furosemide) |
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What is a side effect of hydrochlorothiazide?
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hypokalecemia - need to supply nutritionally
K wasting diuretic |
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What is the goal of BP management?
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140/90
diabetic - 130/80 |
