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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What factors affect nutritional balance? |
Income, education, social support, environment, time |
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What is undernutrition? |
Food reserves are depleted or nutrient intake is inadequate to meet needs |
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What are some vulnerable groups to undernutrition? |
infants, pregnant women, immigrants, low income, hospitalized people, older adults |
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What are those who are undernourished at risk for? |
Impaired growth & development, compromised immune system, delayed wound healing, longer hospital stays, higher healthcare costs |
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What is overnutrition? |
Over consumption of nutrients (calories, salt, fat) in excess of body's needs |
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What are those who are overnourished at risk for? |
Heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, gallbladder disease, cancers, osteoarthritis |
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How does the weight and height of an infant/child change? |
Doubles birth weight by 4 months, triples by first year, child will gain birth weight at 2 years In the 1st year, infants increase in length by 50% and double by year 4 |
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What is the brain growth pattern for children? |
50% by age 2 75% by age 4 90% by age 6 100% by age 8 |
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What type of diabetes are children NOW getting? |
TYPE 2 (not juvenile) |
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What nutrient recommendations increase during adolescence? |
Calories Protein Calcium Iron |
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What is the average body fat percentages in adolescent males and females? |
25% in females 12% in males |
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What are older adults at risk for? |
Malnutrition (under or over) |
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What are some physiological changes that affect nutritional status in older adults? |
Poor dentition, decreased saliva production, slowed gastric motility and absorption, diminished olfactory and taste |
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What is Food Security? |
The condition where everyone at all times has access to nutritious, safe, and culturally appropriate foods prepared in sound and just ways |
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Who are the most vulnerable to food insecurity? |
Single parent with young children Those receiving social assistance Aboriginal people living off-reserve Isolated communities (up north) |
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What challenges do immigrants face regarding food? |
May not be able to find their special foods, everything is unfamiliar |
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What does a nutritional assessment identify? |
Strengths, Risks, Poor nutritional practices |
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What is included in anthropometrics? |
Height, weight, head circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference |
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What do anthropometric data do? |
They measure and evaluate growth, development, body composition |
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What is included in a nutrition assessment? |
- height/weight history - medical history - diet information - routine lab data |
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How can we obtain dietary data? |
- 24-hour recall - food diaries - observation - calorie count |
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What should we ask when doing subjective data? |
Any weight changes Medical history impacting nutrition Social/cultural considerations Diet intake |
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What is the BMI? |
A measure of weight in relation to height |
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What is a substitute measure of height? |
Arm span (tip to tip of middle fingers) |
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What are the two formulas for BMI? |
weight (kg) weight (lbs) --------------- or --------------------- x 703 height (m^2) height (icnhes^2) |
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What are the values for a BMI of underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity? |
Underweight: <18.5 Normal weight: 18.5 - 24.9 Overweight: 25.0 - 29.9 Obesity: 30.0 - 39.9 Extreme obesity: > or equal to 40 |
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What does waist-to-hip ratio assess? |
Body fat distribution >0.8 women >1.0 men = upper body obesity |
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What are the health ranges for waist circumference? |
Men: > or = 102cm (40inches) Women: > or = 88cm (35inches) |
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What is the formula to calculate recent weight change? |
usual weight - current weight -------------------------------------------- x 100 usual weight |
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For unintentional losses, what percentages are clinically significant? |
>5% over 1 month >7.5% over 3 months >10% over 6 months |
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What does a comprehensive nutritional exam include? |
Dietary history, physical exam, S&S, anthropometrics, lab data |
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What are some signs and symptoms of malnourishment? |
dry, bruised, cracked skin dull and dry hair dry, pale or red conjunctiva red or cracked lips pale, beefy red tongue bleeding gums brittle nails pain (muscle or bones) |
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What is a total lymphocyte count test? |
Indicator of visceral protein stores/immunefunction |
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What is a CRP test (C-reactive protein)? |
-Produced in the liver in response to tissue injuryand inflammation -Marker of inflammation; monitor metabolicstress; used to decide when to start nutritionalsupport in critically ill patients |
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What is Nitrogen Balance? |
Index of protein nutritional status Nitrogen is released with the catabolism ofamino acids and excreted in urine as urea Look at nitrogen intake in form of protein andamount of nitrogen excreted in form of urea(collect a 24 hr UUN) Protein intake – nitrogen excretion = nitrogenbalance |
