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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary purpose of respiratory system
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gas exchange
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Respiratory system is divided into what two parts
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upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
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Upper respiratory tract includes
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nose, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, trachea
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Lower respiratory tract includes
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bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
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All lower respiratory airway structures are located inside the lungs except the
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right and left mainstem bronchi
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Additional structures of the chest wall important for respiration
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ribs, pleura, and muscles of respiration
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Right lung is divided into which lobes?
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3 lobes- upper, middle, lower
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Left lung is divided into which lobes?
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2 lobes- upper and lower
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Turbinates
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projections in the nose, pshapes nose into 3 passages, increase surface area of nasal mucosa, which warms and moistens air as it enters the nose
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Internal nose opens directly into the
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sinuses
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Nasal cavity connects with the
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pharynx
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Function of nose in respiration
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protect lower airway by warming and humidifying air and filtering small particles before air enters lungs
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Olfactory nerve endings
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located in roof of nose, responsible for sense of smell
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Adenoids
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lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx
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Where are tonsils located?
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in the oropharynx
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Air moves from the oropharynx to the …
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laryngopharynx, to the epiglottis, to the glottis
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Epiglottis
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small flap located behind tongue that closes over larynx during swallowing, preventing solids/iquids from entering lungs
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Vocal cords are located in the
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larynx
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Describe the trachea
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cylindrical tube about 4 inches long and 1 inch wide. U- shaped cartilages keep trachea open but allow adjacent esophagus to expand for swallowing
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Trachea divides into
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2 branches, the right and left maistem bronchi at a point called the carina
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Once air passes through the carina, it is in the
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lower respiratory tract
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Right mainstem bronchus is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left, so respirations is more likely to occur in the
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left lung
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Mainstem bronchi subdivide several times to form the
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lobar, segmental, and subsegmental bronchi. And further they divide into the bronchioles
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Most distant bronchioles are called the_____ And then what follows?
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respiratory bronchioles. Then the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
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Bronchioles are encircled by _______ that constrict and dilate in response to various stimuli
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smooth muscles
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Bronchoconstriction & Bronchodilation
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terms used to refer to a decrease or increase in the diameter of the airways caused by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscles surrounding the bronchioles
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Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange take place?
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Respiratory bronchioles
|
|
Primary purpose of respiratory system
|
gas exchange
|
|
Respiratory system is divided into what two parts
|
upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
|
|
Upper respiratory tract includes
|
nose, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, trachea
|
|
Lower respiratory tract includes
|
bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
|
|
All lower respiratory airway structures are located inside the lungs except the
|
right and left mainstem bronchi
|
|
Additional structures of the chest wall important for respiration
|
ribs, pleura, and muscles of respiration
|
|
Right lung is divided into which lobes?
|
3 lobes- upper, middle, lower
|
|
Left lung is divided into which lobes?
|
2 lobes- upper and lower
|
|
Turbinates
|
projections in the nose, shapes nose into 3 passages, increase surface area of nasal mucosa, which warms and moistens air as it enters the nose
|
|
Internal nose opens directly into the
|
sinuses
|
|
Nasal cavity connects with the
|
pharynx
|
|
Pharynx, tubular passageway subdivided into three parts
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
|
|
Function of nose in respiration
|
protect lower airway by warming and humidifying air and filtering small particles before air enters lungs
|
|
Olfactory nerve endings
|
located in roof of nose, responsible for sense of smell
|
|
Adenoids
|
lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx
|
|
Where are tonsils located?
|
in the oropharynx
|
|
Air moves from the oropharynx to the …
|
laryngopharynx, to the epiglottis, to the glottis
|
|
Epiglottis
|
small flap located behind tongue that closes over larynx during swallowing, preventing solids/iquids from entering lungs
|
|
Vocal cords are located in the
|
larynx
|
|
Describe the trachea
|
cylindrical tube about 4 inches long and 1 inch wide. U- shaped cartilages keep trachea open but allow adjacent esophagus to expand for swallowing
|
|
Trachea divides into
|
2 branches, the right and left maistem bronchi at a point called the carina
|
|
Once air passes through the carina, it is in the
|
lower respiratory tract
|
|
Right mainstem bronchus is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left, so respirations is more likely to occur in the
|
left lung
|
|
Mainstem bronchi subdivide several times to form the
|
lobar, segmental, and subsegmental bronchi. And further they divide into the bronchioles
|
|
Most distant bronchioles are called the_____ And then what follows?
|
respiratory bronchioles. Then the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
|
|
Bronchioles are encircled by _______ that constrict and dilate in response to various stimuli
|
smooth muscles
|
|
Bronchoconstriction & Bronchodilation
|
terms used to refer to a decrease or increase in the diameter of the airways caused by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscles surrounding the bronchioles
|
|
Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange take place?
|
Respiratory bronchioles
|
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Area before respiratory bronchioles serves only as _____ and is called the
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conducting pathway, the anatomic dead space (VD). Air filling this space is not available for gas exchange
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Of each 500mL of air inhaled, about ___ mL is VD
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150
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Conditions such as ____ lead to insufficient air movement that causes hypoxemia. What is hypoxemia?
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asthma, Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
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Alveoli
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small sacs that are the more specific, primary site of gas exchange in lungs
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There are ____ alveoli in the adult lung
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300 million
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Alveoli are interconnected by
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pores of Kohn, which allow movement of air between alveolus
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Bacteria can move through these pores of Kohn, leading to
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the spread of infection
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Alveolar-capillary membrane
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very thin (less than 1/5000 of an inch) and is the even more specific site of gas exchange
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In conditions such as ______, excess fluid fills the interstitial space and alveoli, greatly reducing gas exchange
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pulmonary edema
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Surfactant
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lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in alveoli, reduces the amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse
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A sigh, or deep breath we take about every 5-6 breaths, stretches the _______ and promotes _______
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alveoli, surfactant secretions
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Atelectasis
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collapsed, airless alveoli
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The postoperative patient is at risk for atelectasis because of _____
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the effects of anesthesia and restricted breathing with pain.
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In _______, lack of surfactant contributes to widespread atelectasis
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acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
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Lungs have two different types of circulation:
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pulmonary and bronchial
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Pulmonary circulation
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provides lungs with blood for gas exchange. Pulmonary artery receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart and delivers it to the pulmonary capillaries that are directly connected with alveoli. Oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange occurs at this point. Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium, which then delivers it to the left ventricle. This oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta, which supplies the arteries of the systemic circulation. Venous blood is collect from capillary networks of the body and returned to the right atrium by way of the venae cavae!! (You get all that??)
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Brochial circulation
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starts with the bronchial arteries, which arise from the thoracic aorta. The bronchial circulation provides oxygen to the bronchi and other pulmonary tissues, Deoxygenated blood returns from the bronchial circulation through the azygos vein into the superior vena cava.
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