Nursing 1St Semester: Lewis Ch. 26: Upper & Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy

Front 1

Primary purpose of respiratory system

Back 1

gas exchange

Front 2

Respiratory system is divided into what two parts

Back 2

upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

Front 3

Upper respiratory tract includes

Back 3

nose, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, trachea

Front 4

Lower respiratory tract includes

Back 4

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Front 5

All lower respiratory airway structures are located inside the lungs except the

Back 5

right and left mainstem bronchi

Front 6

Additional structures of the chest wall important for respiration

Back 6

ribs, pleura, and muscles of respiration

Front 7

Right lung is divided into which lobes?

Back 7

3 lobes- upper, middle, lower

Front 8

Left lung is divided into which lobes?

Back 8

2 lobes- upper and lower

Front 9

Turbinates

Back 9

projections in the nose, pshapes nose into 3 passages, increase surface area of nasal mucosa, which warms and moistens air as it enters the nose

Front 10

Internal nose opens directly into the

Back 10

sinuses

Front 11

Nasal cavity connects with the

Back 11

pharynx

Front 12

Function of nose in respiration

Back 12

protect lower airway by warming and humidifying air and filtering small particles before air enters lungs

Front 13

Olfactory nerve endings

Back 13

located in roof of nose, responsible for sense of smell

Front 14

Adenoids

Back 14

lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx

Front 15

Where are tonsils located?

Back 15

in the oropharynx

Front 16

Air moves from the oropharynx to the …

Back 16

laryngopharynx, to the epiglottis, to the glottis

Front 17

Epiglottis

Back 17

small flap located behind tongue that closes over larynx during swallowing, preventing solids/iquids from entering lungs

Front 18

Vocal cords are located in the

Back 18

larynx

Front 19

Describe the trachea

Back 19

cylindrical tube about 4 inches long and 1 inch wide. U- shaped cartilages keep trachea open but allow adjacent esophagus to expand for swallowing

Front 20

Trachea divides into

Back 20

2 branches, the right and left maistem bronchi at a point called the carina

Front 21

Once air passes through the carina, it is in the

Back 21

lower respiratory tract

Front 22

Right mainstem bronchus is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left, so respirations is more likely to occur in the

Back 22

left lung

Front 23

Mainstem bronchi subdivide several times to form the

Back 23

lobar, segmental, and subsegmental bronchi. And further they divide into the bronchioles

Front 24

Most distant bronchioles are called the_____ And then what follows?

Back 24

respiratory bronchioles. Then the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

Front 25

Bronchioles are encircled by _______ that constrict and dilate in response to various stimuli

Back 25

smooth muscles

Front 26

Bronchoconstriction & Bronchodilation

Back 26

terms used to refer to a decrease or increase in the diameter of the airways caused by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscles surrounding the bronchioles

Front 27

Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange take place?

Back 27

Respiratory bronchioles

Front 28

Primary purpose of respiratory system

Back 28

gas exchange

Front 29

Respiratory system is divided into what two parts

Back 29

upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

Front 30

Upper respiratory tract includes

Back 30

nose, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, trachea

Front 31

Lower respiratory tract includes

Back 31

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Front 32

All lower respiratory airway structures are located inside the lungs except the

Back 32

right and left mainstem bronchi

Front 33

Additional structures of the chest wall important for respiration

Back 33

ribs, pleura, and muscles of respiration

Front 34

Right lung is divided into which lobes?

Back 34

3 lobes- upper, middle, lower

Front 35

Left lung is divided into which lobes?

Back 35

2 lobes- upper and lower

Front 36

Turbinates

Back 36

projections in the nose, shapes nose into 3 passages, increase surface area of nasal mucosa, which warms and moistens air as it enters the nose

Front 37

Internal nose opens directly into the

Back 37

sinuses

Front 38

Nasal cavity connects with the

Back 38

pharynx

Front 39

Pharynx, tubular passageway subdivided into three parts

Back 39

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx

Front 40

Function of nose in respiration

Back 40

protect lower airway by warming and humidifying air and filtering small particles before air enters lungs

Front 41

Olfactory nerve endings

Back 41

located in roof of nose, responsible for sense of smell

Front 42

Adenoids

Back 42

lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx

Front 43

Where are tonsils located?

Back 43

in the oropharynx

Front 44

Air moves from the oropharynx to the …

Back 44

laryngopharynx, to the epiglottis, to the glottis

Front 45

Epiglottis

Back 45

small flap located behind tongue that closes over larynx during swallowing, preventing solids/iquids from entering lungs

Front 46

Vocal cords are located in the

Back 46

larynx

Front 47

Describe the trachea

Back 47

cylindrical tube about 4 inches long and 1 inch wide. U- shaped cartilages keep trachea open but allow adjacent esophagus to expand for swallowing

Front 48

Trachea divides into

Back 48

2 branches, the right and left maistem bronchi at a point called the carina

Front 49

Once air passes through the carina, it is in the

Back 49

lower respiratory tract

Front 50

Right mainstem bronchus is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left, so respirations is more likely to occur in the

Back 50

left lung

Front 51

Mainstem bronchi subdivide several times to form the

Back 51

lobar, segmental, and subsegmental bronchi. And further they divide into the bronchioles

Front 52

Most distant bronchioles are called the_____ And then what follows?

Back 52

respiratory bronchioles. Then the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

Front 53

Bronchioles are encircled by _______ that constrict and dilate in response to various stimuli

Back 53

smooth muscles

Front 54

Bronchoconstriction & Bronchodilation

Back 54

terms used to refer to a decrease or increase in the diameter of the airways caused by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscles surrounding the bronchioles

Front 55

Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange take place?

Back 55

Respiratory bronchioles

Front 56

Area before respiratory bronchioles serves only as _____ and is called the

Back 56

conducting pathway, the anatomic dead space (VD). Air filling this space is not available for gas exchange

Front 57

Of each 500mL of air inhaled, about ___ mL is VD

Back 57

150

Front 58

Conditions such as ____ lead to insufficient air movement that causes hypoxemia. What is hypoxemia?

Back 58

asthma, Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

Front 59

Alveoli

Back 59

small sacs that are the more specific, primary site of gas exchange in lungs

Front 60

There are ____ alveoli in the adult lung

Back 60

300 million

Front 61

Alveoli are interconnected by

Back 61

pores of Kohn, which allow movement of air between alveolus

Front 62

Bacteria can move through these pores of Kohn, leading to

Back 62

the spread of infection

Front 63

Alveolar-capillary membrane

Back 63

very thin (less than 1/5000 of an inch) and is the even more specific site of gas exchange

Front 64

In conditions such as ______, excess fluid fills the interstitial space and alveoli, greatly reducing gas exchange

Back 64

pulmonary edema

Front 65

Surfactant

Back 65

lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in alveoli, reduces the amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse

Front 66

A sigh, or deep breath we take about every 5-6 breaths, stretches the _______ and promotes _______

Back 66

alveoli, surfactant secretions

Front 67

Atelectasis

Back 67

collapsed, airless alveoli

Front 68

The postoperative patient is at risk for atelectasis because of _____

Back 68

the effects of anesthesia and restricted breathing with pain.

Front 69

In _______, lack of surfactant contributes to widespread atelectasis

Back 69

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Front 70

Lungs have two different types of circulation:

Back 70

pulmonary and bronchial

Front 71

Pulmonary circulation

Back 71

provides lungs with blood for gas exchange. Pulmonary artery receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart and delivers it to the pulmonary capillaries that are directly connected with alveoli. Oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange occurs at this point. Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium, which then delivers it to the left ventricle. This oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta, which supplies the arteries of the systemic circulation. Venous blood is collect from capillary networks of the body and returned to the right atrium by way of the venae cavae!! (You get all that??)

Front 72

Brochial circulation

Back 72

starts with the bronchial arteries, which arise from the thoracic aorta. The bronchial circulation provides oxygen to the bronchi and other pulmonary tissues, Deoxygenated blood returns from the bronchial circulation through the azygos vein into the superior vena cava.