Nursing 120 - Test 4- Olol- Health & Wellness

Front 1

Health

Back 1

-Difficult to define
-May be very different for each person
-Cannot be governed by a book or set of general set of parameters
-Must be based on the individual’s concept of health

Front 2

World Health Organization defined health

Back 2

Defined health in 1947 as “A state of complete physical and mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Front 3

Health (more generally defined)

Back 3

a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality, and lifestyle

Front 4

Illness defined (Abnormal process)

Back 4

Abnormal process in which any aspect of a person’s functioning is diminished or impaired as compared with the previous condition

Front 5

Illness defined

Back 5

a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience

Front 6

Model

Back 6

theoretical way of understanding a concept or idea

Front 7

Models of Health and Illness

Back 7

-Health beliefs influence health behaviors

-Nurse’s developed these models to understand clients’ attitudes and values about health:
-Health belief model
-Health promotion model
-Basic human needs model
-Holistic health model

Front 8

Health Belief Model

Back 8

-Conceptual framework that predicts a person’s health behavior based on personal health beliefs

-3 components of the model:
-Individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness
-Individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness
-Individual’s perception of the benefits of and barriers to taking action

Front 9

Health Promotion Model

Back 9

-Defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease

-Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health

-3 focus areas:
-Individual characteristics and experiences
-Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
-Behavioral outcomes

Front 10

Individual Characteristics and Experiences

Back 10

Each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions

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Behavior-specific Knowledge and Affect

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-Variables of this area have important motivational significance
-Variables can be modified through nursing action

Front 12

Behavioral Outcomes

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Health-promoting behaviors should result in improved health, enhanced functional ability, and better quality of life

Front 13

Basic Human Needs Model

Back 13

-Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
-States that certain human needs are more basic than others, some needs must be met before other needs
-Should focus on clients’ needs rather than strict adherence to the hierarchy
-Nurses need to understand the relationships of different needs and the factors that determine priority for the individual

Front 14

Holistic Health Models

Back 14

-Using the nursing process, nurses consider clients as the ultimate expert regarding own health
-Clients are involved in their healing process, thereby assuming some responsibility for health maintenance

Front 15

Variables Influencing Health, Beliefs, and Practices

Back 15

-Internal variables
-External variables

Front 16

Internal variables (Influencing Health, Beliefs, and Practices)

Back 16

-Developmental stage
-Intellectual background
-Perception of functioning
-Emotional and spiritual factors

Front 17

Developmental Stage

Back 17

-Growth and development may be affected by any of the other internal or external factors

Front 18

Intellectual Background

Back 18

-A person’s beliefs about health are shaped in part by the person’s knowledge, lack of knowledge, or incorrect information about body functions and illnesses, educational background, and past experiences
-Cognitive abilities also shape the way a person thinks, and understands factors of health and illness

Front 19

Perception of Functioning

Back 19

-People’s perceptions of physical functioning affects health beliefs and practices
-Nurses should include client’s subjective data about health and physical function
-Nurses must also collect and use objective data to more successfully plan care for the client

Front 20

Emotional and Spiritual Factors

Back 20

-Stress, depression, fear can influence health beliefs and practices through ability or lack of ability to cope with illness and its impact
-Spirituality is reflected in how a person chooses to live life, including values and beliefs, relationships established with family and friends, and ability to find hope and meaning in life

Front 21

External variables (Influencing Health, Beliefs, and Practices)

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-Family practices
-Socioeconomic factors
-Cultural background

Front 22

Family Practices

Back 22

-The way clients’ families use health care services affects their health practices
-Perceptions of the seriousness of an illness or disease, and the history of preventive care influence how clients will think about health

Front 23

Socioeconomic Factors

Back 23

-Can increase the risk for illness and the way that a person defines and reacts to illness
-Includes the stability of the person’s marital or intimate relationship, lifestyle habits, and occupational environment
-Determine how the health care system provides medical care
-Can increase risk for disease and how or at what point client enters health care system

Front 24

Cultural Background

Back 24

-Influences beliefs, values, and customs, as well as approach to health care system, personal health practices, and the nurse-client relationship
-May influence an individual’s beliefs about causes of illness, remedies, and/or practices to restore health

Front 25

Health Promotion

Back 25

-Routine exercise
-Good nutrition
-Motivates people to act positively to reach more stable level of health
-Passive
-Active

Front 26

Health Promotion: Passive

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Passive: activities that involve the client as the recipient of actions by health care professionals.

Front 27

Health Promotion: Active

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Active: activities that depend on the client being motivated to adopt a specific health program
-Exercise
-Nutrition
-Stress reduction
-Illness prevention

Front 28

Wellness

Back 28

-Education teaches people how to care for themselves in healthy ways
-Includes topics such as physical awareness, stress management, and self-responsibility
-Strategies are designed to help persons achieve new understanding and control of their lives

Front 29

Illness Prevention

Back 29

-Immunization programs to protect against actual or potential health threats
-Activities motivate people to avoid declines in health or functional levels

Front 30

Levels of Preventive Care

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-Primary prevention
-Secondary prevention
-Tertiary prevention

Front 31

Primary prevention

Back 31

-True prevention
-Precedes disease or dysfunction
-Applied to clients considered physically and emotionally healthy

Front 32

Secondary prevention

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Focuses on clients experiencing health problems

Front 33

Tertiary prevention

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Occurs when deficit or disability is permanent and irreversible

Front 34

Risk Factors

Back 34

-Any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, physiological or psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition, or spiritual or other variable that increases vulnerability of an individual or group to illness or accident

-4 categories of risk factors:
-Genetic and physiologic factors
-Age
-Environment
-Lifestyle

Front 35

4 categories of risk factors

Back 35

-Genetic and physiologic factors
-Age
-Environment
-Lifestyle

Front 36

Genetic and Physiological Factors

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-Involves the physical functioning of the body
-Certain conditions place increased stress on physiological systems increasing susceptibility to illness
-Heredity or genetic predisposition to specific illness is major risk factor
-Family histories of certain diseases also increases risk factors

Front 37

Age

Back 37

-Increases or decreases susceptibility to certain illnesses
-Nurses’ responsibility to educate clients to need for regular examinations with age

Front 38

Environment

Back 38

-Where one lives and the condition of that area determine a quality of life, how one lives, what one eats, disease exposure, state of health, and ability to adapt
-Environments that one lives or works in can affect the likelihood of development of certain diseases
-Nursing assessments must include the environments in which the clients exists

Front 39

Lifestyle

Back 39

Lifestyle practices and behaviors can have positive or negative effects on health

Front 40

Negative lifestyle practices and behaviors can include:

Back 40

-Sedentary lifestyle
-Overeating or poor nutrition
-Poor personal hygiene
-Tobacco, alcohol, and/or drug use
-Unsafe sex practices, i.e. multiple partners, unprotected sex

Front 41

Lifestyle (cont’d)

Back 41

-Nurses must be cautious not to blame the client
-Blame may discourage health care assistance
-Other factors must be explored (Stress; Health history and support systems)
-Overall goal is to assist client to identify and seek ways to modify or eliminate the risk factor

Front 42

Other factors must be explored regarding Lifestyle (cont’d)

Back 42

-Stress
-Health history
-Support systems

Front 43

Behavior Modification & Change

Back 43

Changes believed to require movement through 5 stages:
-Precontemplation
-Contemplation
-Preparation
-Action
-Maintenance

Front 44

Precontemplation

Back 44

no intention of changing

Front 45

Contemplation

Back 45

considering a change within 6 months

Front 46

Preparation

Back 46

making small changes

Front 47

Action

Back 47

actively engaging in strategies to change

Front 48

Maintenance

Back 48

maintaining a changed behavior

Front 49

Illness

Back 49

-Never an isolated life event
-A state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience (Acute or chronic illness; Illness behavior; Variables influencing illness and behaviors)

Front 50

Acute Illness

Back 50

-Can be life-threatening
-Usually has a short duration
-May occur abruptly
-Symptoms are intense, and subside after a relatively short period

Front 51

Chronic Illness

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-Persists, usually longer than 6 months
-Client may fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious health relapses
-Similar to persons with disabilities
-Interferes with life adaptation
-Leading health problem in North America for elderly and children
-Families must “normalize” (adaptation)

Front 52

Illness Behavior

Back 52

-Exhibited by people who are ill
-Involves how people monitor their bodies, define & interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, & use health care system
-Affected by personal history, social situations, social norms, & opportunities & constraints of community institutions
-Can be coping mechanisms

Front 53

Variables Influencing Illness & Behaviors

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Affected by:
-internal variables
-external variables

-Coupled with stage of illness, may affect likelihood of seeking health care, compliance with therapy, & health outcomes

Front 54

Internal Variables (Influencing Illness & Behaviors)

Back 54

-Client’s perceptions of symptoms & the nature of the illness

-Health care sought if perceptions & reactions of symptoms interfere with daily activities

-Acute illnesses more likely treated readily in health care system

-Chronic illnesses less reacted to by clients as adaptation & familiarity develop

Front 55

External Variables(Influencing Illness & Behaviors)

Back 55

-Visibility of symptoms
-Social group
-Cultural background
-Economic variables
-Accessibility of health care systems
-Social support

Front 56

Impact of Illness

Back 56

-Behavioral and emotional changes
-Body image
-Self-concept
-Family roles and dynamics

Front 57

When illness does occur, different attitudes about illness cause people to react in different ways. Medical sociologists call the reaction to illness:

Back 57

1.Illness behavior

Front 58

Defining health is difficult. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as:

Back 58

4.A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Front 59

The health belief model addresses the relationship between a person's belief and behaviors, thus:

Back 59

3.It provides a way of understanding and predicting how clients will behave in relation to their health and how they will comply with health care therapies.

Front 60

Nursing using the holistic nursing model:

Back 60

2.Recognize the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporate complementary and alternative interventions

Front 61

Internal and external variables can influence how a person thinks and acts. Internal variables include:

Back 61

3.Developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors

Front 62

A person's beliefs about health are shaped in part by the person's:

Back 62

3.Knowledge, lack of knowledge, or incorrect information about illness

Front 63

Health promotion activities can include:

Back 63

1.Exercise and good nutrition

Front 64

Primary prevention aimed at health promotion includes:

Back 64

3.Health education programs, immunization, and physical and nutritional fitness activities

Front 65

This level of prevention would be directed at minimizing complications of disease:

Back 65

3.Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration.

Front 66

Acute illness and chronic illness are two general classifications of illness. Acute illness refers to an illness that:

Back 66

2.Has a short duration and is severe.