Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Normal sinus rhythm
|
60-100 P waves same throughout, from SA node
RR & PP intervals btw beats the same |
|
|
Cardiac Index
|
take CO & divide by BSA-L/min
|
|
|
Stroke volume
|
left ventricle-1 contraction
|
|
|
Preload
|
ventrical stretching by pressure after filled-usually left
|
|
|
Afterload
|
tension to contract-usually left ventrical-
|
|
|
Frank=Starling's Law
|
preload - more bl. during diastole-more bl. ejected during systole
|
|
|
P wave
QRS wave T wave |
atria
ventricles heart at rest |
|
|
Sa node
P wave |
pacemaker
elec. impulse in atria |
|
|
AV nodes
PR interval |
delay btw atria/ventricles
AV node delay=repolarization |
|
|
Purkinje fibers
ventricular myocardium QRS complex |
stimulate contraction
elect.act. in ventricular myocardium |
|
|
Ventricular repolarization
T wave |
last event- repola. of ventricles
|
|
|
ventilation
Perfusion VQ |
airflow
blood flow (capillary) both in & out of alveoli together =gas exchange |
|
|
Ventilation/Perfusion inequality
|
when VQ is not equal in alveoli
|
|
|
result of VQ inequality
|
lowers PO2 in systemic arterial bl. higher in alveoli
|
|
|
residual volume
|
cannot be measured by spirometry
|
|
|
Functional Residual capicity
FRC |
cannot be measured by spirometry-
|
|
|
Vital Capacity
Total lung capacity (TLC) |
Max. vol of inhalation & expiration
vol after max inspiration-sum of 4 lobes-cannot be measured/spirometry |
|
|
Hyponatremia
|
NV,headache,anorexia,confusion, muscle cramps, <135 mEq/L
I&O, urine gravity, eat NA+ |
|
|
Hypernatremia
|
thirst,hallucinations,seizures
>145 mEq/L monitor for fluid loss,give liquid |
|
|
Hypokalemia
|
NVA, fatigue,diaphoresis(sweating)when given K+ wasting drugs & steriods
<3.5mEq/L alkalosis flat Twave,depressed ST s/s digitalis toxicity take K+ |
|
|
Hyperkalemia
|
renal failure from acidosis,burns >5.0 mEq/L,peaked T wave,wide QRS, no P wave,weakness,NVD,arrhythimias,
watch:cardiac,give diurectics, glucose, insulin, NO K+ |
|
|
Hypocalcemia
|
hypoparathy.malabsorption,vit D def.,pancreatitis, sepsis, <8.5, tingling,numbness
long QT -Chvosteks & Trousseu signs seizure, airway problems, watch for confusion |
|
|
Hypercalcemia
|
hyperparathy., long immobility, Paget's disease
>10.5 short QT, weak,confused,cardiac arrest give plenty fluids,no milk,juices,encourage mobility |
|
|
Aseptic technique used?
|
whenever something inserted into body
|
|
|
Comfort is?
|
subjective
central concept goal of pain intervention |
|
|
transduction
perception modulation release neurotransmitters |
pain stimuli into elec.energy
awareness stop pain of hormones substance P,seratonin,prostagladins |
|
|
Substance P
Seratonin Prostaglandins |
causes vasodilation-sends pain messages
brain stem & dorsal horn phosphilipids,pain-inflammation,alert response |
|
|
Neuromodulators
|
endorphins,dynorphins,bradykinin
"phins & bradyk" |
|
|
phins are?
bradys are? |
natural morphine
plasma juice,cause prostogladins |
|
|
Gate control theory
|
1965
no pain in CNS opens/closes gate pain threshold |
|
|
Nonpharmacological relief of pain
|
think holistic,massage,biofeedback etc
|
|
|
pain is
|
a separate disease
|
|
|
wellness defined
|
world health org in 1947
|
|
|
Models of health
|
health belief
health promotion basic needs holistic |
|
|
Preventative care
|
primary=true,precedes disease
secondary=clts with problems tertiary-permanent or irreversible problems-must minimize complications |
|
|
4 risk factors
|
genetic
age, environment lifestyle |
|
|
behavior modification or changes
|
precontemplation-won't change
contemplation-change in 6 mths preparation-small changes action-actively changing maintenance-keeping it up |
|
|
types of illnesses
|
Acute-life-threatening,shorttime, occur suddenly,
Chronic-longer then 6 mths ups & downs,leading health problem in US |
|
|
reaction to illness
|
illness behavior
|
|
|
Systemic & Myocardial Circulation
|
-Arteries and Veins
-Capillaries -Venules |
|
|
Cardiac Output
|
4-6 L/min from left ventricle
|
|
|
what raises CO
|
exercise,activity,steps,fever,meds
|
|
|
Cardiac Output regulation
|
-cardiac index
-stroke volume -preload -afterload -rate |
|
|
preload
|
end-diastolic vol
F-S law |
|
|
High rate
|
bad cardiac output
|
|
|
Conduction system
|
Mechanical
action potential sympathetic n.sys.-influences parasym. n.sys.-decreases |
|
|
How heart works
|
SA>R.atrium>AV>Bundles>Perkinje
|
|
|
ECG or EKG
|
normal sinus rhythm
activity of conduction system |
|
|
P-R
|
SA to AV through bundles & fibers
|
|
|
Q-T
|
relaxes
|
|
|
Inhaling
|
mouth/nose,
trachea/pharnx bronchus l/r bronchi bronchioles alveoli |
|
|
Compliance and elasticity
|
recoil ability of lung
|
|
|
surface tension
|
surfactant
|
|
|
control of respiration
|
pons & medulla
|
|
|
hypoxemia
|
low arterial O2
|
|
|
hypercapnia/hypercarbia
|
high carbon dioxide
|
|
|
gas exchange
|
diffusion
VQ O2 capacity |
|
|
Perfusion issues
|
-Conduction disturbances
-Impaired valve function -Myocardial hypoxia -Cardiac muscle condition |
|
|
Ventilation issues
|
hyperventilation
-hypoventilation -hypoxia |
|
|
Pulmonary Function Test
|
-Tidal volume
-Residual volume -Functional residual capacity -Vital capacity -Total lung capacity |
|
|
Simple face mask
|
- contraindicated for clients with carbon dioxide retention
|
|
|
PAO2
|
aterial partial pressure-mmHg
|
|
|
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
|
Resp. rate and depth irregular, characterized by alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation
|
|
|
hyperventilation
|
hypocarbia
|
|
|
hypoventilation
|
hypercarbia
|
|
|
tachypnea
apnea |
fast respiration
respirations cease |
|
|
hyperpnea
atelectasis |
labored respiration
collaspe of alveoli |
|
|
hemoptysis
|
expel blood from resp.tract
|
|
|
dysrhythmias
|
abnormal sinus rhythm
caused by imbalances |
|
|
Right sided heart failure
|
venous congestion in systemic circulation from pulmonary disease
|
|
|
Left-sides heart failure
|
impaired left ventricle - high pressure & pulmonary congestion
|
|
|
hypovolemia
hypervolemia |
decreased bl.volume
increased |
|
|
Hypoxia
hypoxemia |
O2 deficiency
low arterial O2 |
|
|
Orthopnea
dyspnea |
pillows,lean forward to breathe
breathlessness |
|
|
Noninvasive ventilation
positive pressure ventilation |
stops atelectasis,improves cardiac function
reinflation |
|
|
diffusion
osmosis perfusion |
solutes -greater concentration to lesser
Solvent -lesser to greater fluid through or into a system |
