Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
antibodies synthesizes by body in response to antigenic stimulation occurs in what type of immunity
|
active
|
|
|
describe natural acquisition of immunity in active immunity
|
natural contact with antigen through clinical or subclinical case
|
|
|
describe artificial acquisition of immunity in active immunity
|
immunization with antigen
|
|
|
development of active natural immunity and their duration
|
develops slowly; protective levels reached in a few weeks but last long term, often lifetime
|
|
|
development of active artificial immunity and their duration
|
develops slowly
protective levels reached in a few weeks last for several years extended with booster doses |
|
|
active natural immunity protects against
|
specific antigen contacted
|
|
|
active artificial immunity protects against
|
specific antigen immunized against
|
|
|
example of active natural immunity
|
recover from childhood disease like chickenpox
|
|
|
example of active artificial immunity
|
immunization with live or killed vaccines
influenza vaccination |
|
|
define passive immunity
|
antibodies produced in 1 individual are transferred to another
|
|
|
passive natural immunity is acquired how
|
transplacental and colostral transfer from mom to child
|
|
|
passive artificial immunity is acquired how
|
injection of serum from immune human or animal
|
|
|
passive natural immunity develops how and last how long
|
develops immediately and last up to several months
|
|
|
passive artificial immunity develops how and lasts how long
|
develops immediately and last up to several weeks
|
|
|
passive natural immunity protects against
|
all antigens to whichmother has immunity
|
|
|
passive artificial immunity protects against what
|
all antigens to which source has immunity
|
|
|
example of passive natural immunity
|
maternal immunoglobins in neonate
|
|
|
example of passive artificial immunity
|
injection of pooled human gamma globulin
injection of animal hyperimmune sera |
|
|
immunizations do what
|
can control many infectious diseases
|
|
|
vaccinations healthcare personnel should have
|
hepatitis B
influenza MMR varicella tetanus, diptheria, pertussis meningococcal |
|
|
Internal Envirnment strategies for prevention of infection
|
preventive measures aimed at increasing pt's defense mechanisms
teach pt about good nutrition teach pt about personal hygiene - esp. hand washing teach about appropriate use of antibiotics |
|
|
External Environment prevention of infection regarding health care providers
|
do not treat pts when caregiver is ill
keep immunizations current hand washing wearing gloves when contact with any body substance is anticipated |
|
|
what do biological defense mechanisms do
through what 3 methods |
protect self from both external and internal destructive agents through
exclusion recognition response |
|
|
structural defense mechanisms
|
physical structures
|
|
|
chemical defense mechanisms
|
pH acidic/alkaline
|
|
|
cellular defense mechanisms
|
WBC
|
|
|
Special proteins defense mechanisms
|
globulins
interferons immino |
|
|
tissue defense mechanisms
|
lymph nodes
|
|
|
what happens when person's own cells recognize proteins on cells that are genetically different
|
triggers a sequence of cellular reactions within immune system
|
|
|
what are suspensions of microorganism that have been killed or attenuated
|
vaccine
|
|
|
what is a bacterial toxin that has been modified to destroy toxicity while retaining antigenic properties
|
toxoid
|
|
|
what are biologic products used for passive immunity
|
immune serum - human source
antitoxin - animal source |
|
|
list external nonspecific defense mechanisms
|
stomach acidity
vaginal secretions nasal hairs flushing action - water, tears, saliva peristalsis fatty acid |
|
|
cells in specific immune response come from where
|
stem cells of bone marrow
|
|
|
cells that are involved in specific immune response include
|
T cells
B cells |
|
|
describe immune response at birth
lymph nodes & spleen IgG levels |
lymph nodes and spllena re immature
T & B cell responses are functional igG passes through placents to fetus levels of IgG drop over next 3 months after 3 mos child begins to develop igG himself and levels gradually increase and reach adult concentration at about 9 mos |
|
|
prime age for immune system is
|
late teens
|
|
|
effects of aging on immunity
|
increased frequency and severity of infections with slower recovery and decreased probability of developing immunity after infection
|
|
|
effects of malnutrition in skin
|
thinner with less connective tissue and collagen
|
|
|
how are mucous membrane affected by malnutrtion
|
secretory immunoglobulin A reduced
|
|
|
how are lymph tissues affected by malnutrition
|
thymus gland atropheid
lymph nodes and spleen small |
|
|
how is phagocytosis affected by malnutrition
|
kill time delayed
|
|
|
how is cell mediated immunity affected by malnutrition
|
circulating T-cells reduced
|
|
|
how is humoral immunity affected by malnutrition
|
circulating immunoglobulin levels normal
antibody response may be impaired |
|
|
vitamin A deficiency
|
depletion of T lymphocytes
increased frequency and severity of some infections |
|
|
vitamin B 6 deficiency
|
depressed cell-mediated and humoral immunity
reduced antibody responses to vaccines |
|
|
folacin deficiency
|
impaired response to skin tests
lymph tissue atrophy reduced #s of WBC impaired cell-mediated and humoral immunity |
|
|
pantothenic acid defciency
|
depressed antibody responses
|
|
|
vitamin B12 deficiency
|
some reduction of phagocytosis by granulocytes
|
|
|
vitamin E deficiency
|
depressed antibody response
|
|
|
iron deficiency
|
atrophy of lymph tissue
defective phagocytosis |
|
|
zinc deficiency
|
atrophyof lymph tissues' abnormalities in cell mediated and humoral immunity
|
|
|
individual amino acids deficiency
|
impaired humoral immunity
|
|
|
chickenpox
|
varicella
rash, itching, fever, tiredness can lead to severe infection, scars, pneumonia, brain damage, or death |
|
|
chickenpox vaccine
|
keeps most people from getting it and if one does get it usually mild
1st dose 12 - 15 mos 2nd dose 4 - 6 yoa or at 13 and older never had needs 2 doses, 28 days apart |
|
|
vaccinations at birth
|
HepB
|
|
|
vaccinations at 2 mos
|
Hep B
DTap/Tdap - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis Hib - haemophilus - influenzae type B IPV - polio PCV - pneumococcal conjugate RSV - rotavirus |
|
|
vaccinations at 4 mos
|
same as at 2 mos
|
|
|
vaccinations at 6 mos
|
DTap/Tdap
Hib - influenzae type B PCV - pneumococcal conjugate RV - rotavirus |
|
|
vaccinations between 6 - 18 mos
|
HepB
DTap/Tdap Hib IPV PCV MMR Varicella HepA |
|
|
vaccinations 4 - 6 years
|
DTap/Tdap
IPV MMR varicella |
|
|
vaccinations 11-12 years
|
Tdap
Girls human Papilloma virus (HPV) boys may get MCV4 - meningococcal conjugate |
|
|
vaccinations 16 -1 8 years
|
MCV 4
|
|
|
what is "catch-up"
|
child's vaccinations ae overdue or missing then get child vaccinated as soon as possible
if a series and has not completed on time,w ill need only remainder of vaccination - no need to start over |
|
|
8 diseases prevented by childhood diseases
|
diphtheria
tetanus pertussis HIB - haemophilus influenzae type b hepatitis B polio pneumococcal rotavirus |
|
|
diptheria
s/s lead to what kind of problems |
get from infected person
s/s: thick covering in back of throat that can make ithard to breathe lead to: breathing problems, heart failure, death |
|
|
tetanus
gotten from s/s lead to |
get from cut or wound; not person to person
s/s painful tightening of muscles, usually all over body stiffness of jaw, so the victim can't open his mouth or swallow leads to death in about 1 case out of 5 |
|
|
pertussis
comes from s/s leads to |
get from contact w/infected person
s/s violent coughing spells that can make it hard for an infant to eat, drink, or breathe can last for weeks lead to pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring spells), brain damage, and death |
|
|
HIB (haemophilus influenzae type b)
get from s/s lead to |
get from contact w/infected person
s/s may be no signs or symptoms in mild cases lead to meningitis; pneumonia, infections of blood, joints, bones, and covering of heart, brain damage, deafness, and death |
|
|
hepatitis B
get from s/s lead to |
get from contact w/blood or body fluids of an infected person
babies can get it at birth if mother is infected or through a cut or wound adults can get from unprotected sex, sharing needles, or otehr exposures to blood s/s tiredness, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, pain inmuscles, joints, and stomach lead to liver damage, liver cancer, death |
|
|
polio
comes from s/s lead to |
comes from close contact w/infected person
enters body through mouth s/s cold-like illness, or no s/s at all lead to paralysis or death |
|
|
pneumococcal
comes from s/s leads to |
comes from contact w/infected person
s/s fever, chills, cough, chest pain lead to meningitis, blood infections, ear infections, pneumonia, deafness, brain damage, death |
|
|
rotavirus
comes from s/s leads to |
comes from contact w/ other children who are infected
s/s diarrhea, vomiting, and fever lead to dehydration, hospitalization, and death |
|
|
how do immunity from vaccines work
|
vaccines are made w/same bacteria or viruses that cause a disease, but have been weakened or killed to make them safe
child's immune system responds to vaccine the same way it would if child had disease so develop immunity without having to get sick |
|
|
how many doses of DTap
|
5 doses
2mos 4 mos 6 mos 15 -18 mos 4 - 6 yrs |
|
|
should all children get DTap
|
some should get DT w/o pertussis
|
|
|
how many doses of hepatitis B
|
4
birth 1-2mos 6-18 mos 4 - 6 yrs |
|
|
how many does of HiB - influenzae type b
|
3 or 4
2mos 4 mos 6 mos 12 - 15 mos |
|
|
pneumococcal - how many doses
|
4
2 mos 4 mos 6 mos 12 - 15 mos |
|
|
how many doses rotavirus
|
2 or 3
2 mos 4 mos 6 mos |
|
|
possible side effects of vaccines
|
tenderness
redness swelling where shot is given mild fever happen in 1 out of 4 childhood vaccines |
|
|
severe allergic reactions in vaccines
|
less than 1 in a million
risk of any serious harm or death is much less likely than dying from a disease |
|
|
what does association mean
|
appear more often in a child recently vaccinated BUT DOES NOT mean it is probable
|
|
|
MMR doses
|
at least 1 dose born after 1957 may need 2
|
|
|
most accidental poisoning happens to people
|
younger than 5
|
|
|
how to safely dispose of outdated prescription medications
|
crush medication or add water to dissolve it
mix drugs with an undesirable substance such as kitty litter or used cooking grease to make it less desirable for pets and children to eat place mixture in empty can or resealable bag and put in trash |
|
|
it is safe to dispose of drug down sink or toilet
|
false
small amounts may surface in waters |
|
|
list some careful environment checks
|
before purchasing plant, verify itis nontoxic
if there are poisonous plants growing in yard - remove them children must never eat berries, wild mushrooms, or other edible looking plants in yards, fields, and forests lead based paint can still be found in some houses young children often put dirt in their mouth which can contain a high lead count |
|
|
when is blood reported as HIV positive
|
positive on enzyme immunoessay (EIA)
if positive 1st time, tested again - if still positive use Western blot or immunofluorescence assay |
|
|
signs of poisoning
|
unusual stains or odors on clothes/skin
unusual odor on breath burns around mouth drowsiness, stomach pain, vomiting, breathing problems, sweating, drooling, irritability, signs of fear, or other sudden changes in behavior |
