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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microorganisms that are capable of harming people or cause disease
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pathogens
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a term that means poisoning of tissues is often used to describe the presence of infection
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sepsis
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when microorganisms capable of producing disease invade the body
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infection
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What is the chain of infection?
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-infectious agent
-reservoir -portal of exit -mode of transmission -portal of entry -susceptible host |
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What are some infectious agents?
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-pathogens
-normal flora that becomes pathogenic |
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What is a reservoir?
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where pathogens live and multiply
can be human, animal, insect, food, floors, equipment, contaminated water |
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What are the portals of exit?
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-bodily fluids
-coughing, sneezing, diarrhea -seeping wounds -tubes, iv sites |
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What are the modes of transmission?
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contact, droplet, airbone
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What is direct contact?
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touching, kissing, sexual contact
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What is indirect contact?
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contact with a formite, vehicle, or vector
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What is a formite?
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inanimate object
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What is a vehicle?
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blood, fluid
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What is a vector?
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mosquito, birds, rats, fleas
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What are the portals of entry?
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eyes, nares, mouth, vagina, cuts, scrapes, wounds, surgical sites, IV or drainage tube sites, bite from vector (any break in skin integrity)
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Who are the susceptible hosts?
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person with inadequate defense
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What are three determining factors of being a susceptible host?
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-virulence
-number of organisms -host's defenses |
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What are some s/s of localized infections?
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subjective
-pain -tenderness -warmth -redness -swelling -itching objective -edema -redness -warmth of area -exudate that is bloody, serous, cloudy, clear, creamy, or purulent |
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What are some s/s of generalized infections?
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subjective
-fatigue -malaise -weakness -headache -light headedness -congestion -muscle aches -joint pain -decreased appitetite objective -fever -increased pulse rate -hypotension -altered mental status -shock -confusion -convulsions -jaundice in some infections -elevated WBC |
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What can control many infectious diseases?
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immunizations
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an infection that is not present or incubating at the time a person is admitted to the hospital but develops after admission
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nosocomial infection
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What defense mechanisms:
exclude harmful agents from our body |
exclusion
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What defense mechanisms:
recognizing harmful agents |
recognition
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What defense mechanisms:
What the body does to rid the body of harmful agents |
response
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provided when the external and internal nonspecific defense mechanisms serve as the barrier excluding or destroying the invading agent
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nonspecific immunity
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protects against a sing unique agent through the development of specific antibodies or responsive cells in the body
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specific immunity
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antibodies are produced within the body
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Active immunity
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immunity acquired naturally such as recovery from a childhood disease like chicken pox
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Active natural immunity
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the antigen or protective antibodies were purposely introduced into the body like immunizations
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Active artificial immunity
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when protective antibodies are received from some other source
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Passive immunity
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maternal immunoglobulins passed through the placenta to the fetus
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Passive natural immunity
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injection of serum from immune human or animal
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Passive artificial
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suspensions of microoganisms that have been killed or attenuated
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vaccine
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bacterial toxin that has been modified to destroy toxicity while retaining antigenic properties
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toxoid
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biologic products used for passive immunity
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immune serum (human) and antitoxin (animal)
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What are some external nonspecific defense mechanisms?
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-stomach acidity
-vaginal secretions -nasal hairs -flushing action (salivary, urine) -peristalsis (stomach and intestines) -fatty acid (sebacceous glands, perspiration |
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protect the eye and line all body tracts that have an external opening
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skin and mucous membranes
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enzyme that can lyse the cell wall of many bacteria
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lysozyme
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microorganisms that are normal for certain body surfaces make it hard for pathogenic microorganisms to grow there
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normal flora
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system of phagocytic cells scattered throughout various body tissues and organs
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Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
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to prevent spread of bacteria, fibrin is produced and encircles the affected area to wall it off from healthy tissue
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containment of infection (inflammatory response)
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after the infected area is clean, new cells are produced to fill in the space left by the injury
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healing
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foreign substance in the body
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antigen
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specific lymphocytes
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Antibodies
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primary immune response (immunoglobbulin)
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IgM
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immunoglobbulin that crosses the placenta
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IgG
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immunoglobbulin that is found in colostridum, tears and saliva
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IgA
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immunoglobbulin that helps with B-lymphocytes
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IgD
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immunoglobbulin that is apart of the allergic reaction
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IgE
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physical reaction to the breakdown of foreign agent
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Antigen-Antibody Interactions
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lymphocytes that mature in the thymus
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T-cells
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lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow
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B-cells (produce immunoglobblins)
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What cells are used in the Humoral Immune Response?
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B-cells
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What cells are used in the Cell-mediated Immune Response?
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T-cells
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When both B and T cells work together
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Combined immune response
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What is the first line of defense?
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External nonspecific
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What is the second line of defense?
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Internal nonspecific
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What is the third line of defense?
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Specific acquired
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When the immune system has had prior contact with the antigen
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secondary immune response
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What is the prime age for the immune system?
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late teens
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interference with the development of cells and tissues of the immune system
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immunodeficiences (HIV)
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tissue damaging over-reaction to the antigen. this is a normal reaction of the immune system but they take place in inappropriate sites, in excessive amounts, or with inappropriate involvement of nonspecific tissues
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hypersensitivity
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What are the 3 main effects of histamine?
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-constricts smooth muscle
-increases vascular permeability -increase mucous secretions |
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this is done when a person's allergy symptoms cannot be controlled adequately by avoidance of the allergen or by conventional drug therapy
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hyposensitization
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what is urticaria?
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hives
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inherited hypersensitivity
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atopic
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How does malnutrition effect skin?
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thinner with less connective tissue and collagen
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How does malnutrition effect the mucous membranes?
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secretory immunoglobulin A reduced
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How does malnutrition effect the lymph tissues?
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thymus gland atrophied; lymph nodes and spleen small
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How does malnutrition effect phagocytosis?
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kill time delayed
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How does malnutrition effect cell-mediated immunity?
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circulating t-cells reduced
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How does malnutrition effect humoral immunity?
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circulating immunoglobulin levels normal; antibody response may be impaired
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How does vitamin A deficiency effect immunity?
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depletion of T-lymphocytes; increased frequency and severity of some infections
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How does vitamin B 6 deficiency effect immunity?
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depressed cell-mediated and humoral immunity, reduced antibody responses to vaccines
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How does folacin effect immunity?
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impaired response to skin tests; lymph tissue atrophy; reduced numbers of WBC, impaired cell-mediated and humoral immunity
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How does pantothenic acid effect immunity?
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depressed antibody responses
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how does vitamin b 12 effect immunity?
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some reduction of phagocytosis by granulocytes
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how does vitamin E effect immunity?
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depressed antibody response
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how does iron effect immunity?
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atrophy of lymph tissue; defective phagocytosis
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How does zinc effect immunity?
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atrophy of lymph tissues, abnormalities in cell-mediated and humoral immunity
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How is immunity effected by individual amino acid deficiency?
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impaired humoral immunity
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What is a normal WBC count?
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4000-11,000/mcgL
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WBC greater than 11,000, which happens during infection, malignancy, and disease process
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Leukocytosis
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WBC count less than 4000, which happens with bone marrow depression and viral infections
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leukopenia
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