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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a condition in which the person responds to changes in the normal balanced state.
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stress
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What are some examples of internal stressor?
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cancer, depression
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What are some examples of external stressor?
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peer pressure, changing jobs
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What are some examples of developmental stressor?
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potty training, graduating high school
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What are some example of situational stressor?
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death of parent, birth of child, new job
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What is an example of a chemical stressor?
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Medications
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What is an example of a physical stressor?
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heat/cold
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What is an example of a nutritional stressor?
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DM
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What is an example of a biologic stressor?
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virus
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What are some psychosocial stressors?
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work, family, social relationships
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What is the desired outcome of stress?
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adaptation
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Inability to meet the change or regain equilibrium results in?
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maladaption
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What hormone cause these responses?
-Heart rate increases -peripheral vasoconstriction causing increased BP -Blood shunted from abd organs to brain/heart/skeletal muscles (fight/flight) -blood sugar increases for more availability of energy -pupils dilate |
norepinephrine
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What hormone causes these responses?
-increases BP and the force of cardiac contraction -dilates the bronchioles which increases cellular respiration -increases energy use |
epinephrine
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What are some stress responses?
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-mental activity increases
-greater sense of awareness -skin usually clammy and cold -"knots in stomach" |
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a compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit, or practice to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional, mental, or physiological reactions like
-loss of control of substance consumption -substance use despite associated problems -tendency to relapse |
addiction
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the need for greater amounts of the drug to achieve the desired effect
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tolerance
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What are some contributing factors of addiction?
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-drug availability
-peer influences -environment -psychiatric illness -adverse social conditions -cultural influences -genetics |
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What causes the initial use/abuse?
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-self esteem issues
-peer pressure -coping skills -curiosity |
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What are the phases of substance abuse?
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1. Experimentation
2. Early drug use-more on regular basis 3. True drug addiction-regular part and dominates focus 4. Severe drug addiction-major focus physiological/psychological |
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abuse implies maladaptive, consistent use of the drug despite having problems related to the drug
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-failure to meet obligations
-engaging in reckless activities -encountering legal trouble -continued use despite problems INFO |
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Dependence involves the lack of control of drug use, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms when intake is reduced or stopped
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-Physiological-tolerance, withdrawal
-behavioral-no control, inability to limit use, less time on other activities, more time using/obtaining drugs, continued use despite health issues INFO |
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What are some health complications to addiction?
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-A change in brain chemistry
-drug specific changes to the body and organs (liver-ETOH, Hep C, COPD, etc) |
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A chronic, progressive, potentially fatal disease involving genetic, biologic, psychosocial, and cultural factors
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Alcoholism
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What are some historic uses of alcohol?
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-cleanse wounds
-anesthetic -tonic and elixirs |
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What are some factors leading to alcoholism?
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-family background v biological
-psychological -sociocultural |
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How does alcohol effect the small intestine?
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absorption
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How does alcohol effect the liver?
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alcohol becomes the preferred energy source.
Triggers toxic chemicals (acetaldehyde)-affects movement and memory immune factors (cytokines) -inflammation and tissue injury |
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a progressive and irreversible scarring of the liver that can eventually be fatal
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cirrhosis
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What are some alcohol related diseases?
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-cirrhosis
-hepatitis B and C -Liver CA -esophageal tears-violent vomiting (Malory Weiss) -Esophageal varisces-thin wall vein that could rupture -ulcers -inflammation of the pancreas -CVD-leading cause of death -immune system deterioration -osteoporosis -muscular deterioration -skin sores and itching -peripheral neuropathy |
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How does alcohol effect sexuality?
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might cause impotence and infertility
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How does alcohol effect nutrition?
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-Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
-Folate |
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How does alcohol effect neurologic functions?
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-insomnia
-Headaches -hangovers |
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How does alcohol effect mental functioning?
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-loss of verbal memory
-slower reaction times -learning and memory losses -regulation of emotion -sensory processing -appetite -stress |
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A serious consequence of severe thiamin (B1) deficiency in alcoholism. S/S include severe loss of balance, confusion, and memory loss. Eventually is can result in permanent brain damage and death
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
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an excessive accumulation of fat inside the liver cells, it is the most common alcohol-induced liver disorder. The liver is enlarge, causing pain in the right upper quadrant. It is reversible problem and need not lead to any long-term damage
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fatty liver
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an acute inflammation of the liver with widespread destruction of individual liver cells and scarring. S/S:fever, jaundice, ab pain, raised WBC, altered liver function tests, and enlarge, tender liver and spider-like veins in the skin. Can be reversible if the person stops drinking
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alcoholic hepatitis
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The most advanced form of alcohol-induced liver disease. Characterized by destruction of normal liver tissues, resulting in extensive, non-functioning scar tissue. It affects other organs, such as the brain and kidney. S/S include those of alcoholic hepatitis, but also portal HTN, splenomegaly, ascites, renal failure, confusion and liver CA
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alcoholic cirrhosis
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This is inflammation of the pancreas. S/S may include swollen and tender abd, nausea, vomiting, fever, and tachycardia. Diagnosis is confirmed by serum amylase. Amylase and lipase are digestive enzymes formed by the pancreas
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Pancreatitis
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damage to cerbral function may be directly related to the effect of alcohol on the brain or it may be due to poor general health and nutrition associated with excessive alcohol intake over many years.
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thiamin deficiency
-alcohol disrupts the gastrointestinal absorption and chronic liver disease leads to decreased activation of thiamin, as well as an inability to store it. Thiamin deficiency results in widespread decrease in cerebral glucose use. |
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Caused by a thiamin deficiency. Causes inflammation, hemorrhaging and degeneration of the brain. These pts will complain of double vision, numbness and tingling to all extremities and difficulty with movement. This is a treatable and reversible condition
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Wernicke's Encephalopathy
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A chronic, irreversible condition characterized by severe memory loss and an inability to form new memories. The pt develops an abnormal gait and loss of mucle coordination. Vision is also disturbed with eyelid drooping (ptosis) and abnormal eye movements.
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Korsakoff's psychosis
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A medical emergency characterized by delusion, hallucinations, disorientation and confusion. it is a distressing condition and death can occur from arrhythmias
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delirium tremens (DT's)
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grand mal seizures where the patient collapses, loses consciousness, and is visibly seizing that occurs hours or days after the last alcoholic drink
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alcohol withdrawal seizures
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What are the early and late consequences of liver disease b/c of alcohol?
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early-elevated liver enzyme levels
late-fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, bleeding |
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What are the early and late consequences of cardiovascular dx b/c of alcohol?
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early-HTN
late-cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, stroke |
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What are the early and late consequences of GI problems b/c of alcohol?
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early-Gastritis, GERD, peptic ulcer disease
late-esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tears (hematemesis from a tear in the esophagus) |
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twelve step program, closed meetings-alcoholic only and open meetings where everyone is welcome
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AA
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family and frends of the alcoholic or drug addict
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Alanon
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teens of the alcoholic or drug addict
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Alateen
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adult children of alcoholic
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ACOA
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children of alcoholics
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COA
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Cannabis sativa
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Marijuana
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an abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells, mainly in the viscera and subcutaneous tissues of the body
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obesity
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frequent binge eating and self induced vomiting
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bulimia nervosa
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self imposed weight loss
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anorexia nervosa
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fine hair coving the body (usually of babies, but can be found on anorexic people)
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lanugo
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