Infection Prevention

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Infection Prevention

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Set of methods practiced in Healthcare facilities to prevent and control the spread of disease.

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Microorganisms (MO)

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A tiny living thing that is only visible under microscope. Microorganisms grow best in warm, dark and moist places where food is present. Some need oxygen, some do not.

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Microbe

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Another name for a microorganism

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Infection

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Occurs when harmful microorganisms called pathogens invade body and multiply.

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Pathogens

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Microorganisms that are capable of causing infection and disease.

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Localized infection

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An infection that is limited to a specific location in the body and has local symptoms. Local symptoms, which occur near site of infection like red, hot and painful.

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Systemic Infection

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An infection that is in the bloodstream and is spread throughout the body, causing general symptoms, such as fever, chills or mental confusion.

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Healthcare-associated Infection (HAI)

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Infection acquired in a healthcare setting during the delivery of medical care.

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Chain of Infection

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Way of describing how disease is transmitted from one being to another.

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Chain of Infection Six Links

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Chain Link 1: Causative Agent

Chain Link 2: Reservoir

Chain Link 3: Portal of Exit

Chain Link 4: Mode of Transmission

Chain Link 5: Portal of Entry

Chain Link 6: Susceptible Host

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Causative Agent

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Infection Chain Link 1. Pathogenic microorganisms that causes disease. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that live in and on body. Only causes infection when enters a different part of the body.

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Reservoir

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Infection Chain Link 2. A reservoir is where the pathogen lives and grows. A reservoir can be human, animal, plant, soil, or a substance. Examples of reservoirs include lungs, blood, large intestine.

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Portal of Exit

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Infection Chain Link 3. Portal of Exit is any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave. This includes mouth, nose, eyes, or a cut in the skin.

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Infeftion Chain Link 3: Portals of Exit

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Portals of exit:

Respiratory Tract- droplets from nose and mouth

Skin- blood, pus, or other drainage from wounds.

Genitals/urinary tract- urine, semen, or vaginal secretions.

Gastrointestinal tract- saliva, feces, vomitus.

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Mode of Transmission

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Chain link 4. Mode of Transmission describes how the pathogens travel. Transmission can occur though the air, direct or indirect contact. Primary route of disease in healthcare setting is on the hands of a healthcare worker.

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Direct Contact

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Infection Chain link 4, mode of transmission- happens by touching the infected person or his secretions.

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Indirect Contact

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Infection Chain link 4, mode of transmission- results from touching something contaminated by the infected person. Needle, dressing, or tissue. Primary route in healthcare setting is on the hands of a healthcare worker.

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Portal of Entry

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Infection Chain link 5. The portal of Entry is any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter. These include the nose, mouth, eyes, and other mucous membranes, cuts in skin and cracked skin.

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Mucous membranes

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Part of infection chain link 5. Mucous membranes are the membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside of the body. These include the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, and genitals.

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Infection Chain link 5: Portals of Entry

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Portals of Entry:

Respiratory tract- nose or mouth

Breaks in skin- a bite, wound, acne, or any non-intact skin.

Urinary tract

Gastrointestinal tract- food or fluids.

Genitals- penis, vagina

The placenta- from mother to baby

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Susceptible Host

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Infection Chain link 6. A susceptible host is an uninfected person who could get sick.

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Transmission

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(Passage or transfer)

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Medical Asepsis

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Refers to measures used to reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens. Measures such as hand washing.

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Surgical Asepsis

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State of being free of all microorganisms, not just pathogens. Also called sterile technique, is used for many types of procedures, such as changing catheters.

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Malnutrition

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Not getting proper nutrition. The risk of infection greatly increases.

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Dehydration

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Condition that occurs when there is an inadequate amount of fluid in the body. The risk of infection greatly increases.

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OSHA

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration. A federal government agency that makes rules to protect workers from hazards on the job.

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Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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A government agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Issues information to protect the health of individuals and communitues. It promotes public health, as well as disease, injury, and disability prevention and control through education.

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Standard Precautions

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Means treating blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (like abrasions, pimples, or open sores), and mucous membranes (linings of mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, and genitals) as if they were infected. Body fluids include saliva, sputum (mucus coughed up), urine, feces, semen, vaginal secretions, pus or other wound drainage, and vomit. This does not include sweat.

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Transmission-based Precautions

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Method of infection prevention used when caring for persons who are Infected or suspected of being infected with a disease. Used in addition to Standard Precautions. Will always be in residents care plan.

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Antimicrobial

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An agent that destroys, resists, or prevents the development of pathogens. Alcohol-based hand rubs can be used in addition to handwashing, any time hands are not visibly soiled. Rubbed together until product is dry.

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PPE

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Peronal Protective Equipment is equipment that helps protect employees from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with workplace hazards.

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Who's responsible to instruct the staff on proper PPE donning and doffing?

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It is the employers responsibility.

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Clean

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An object in healthcare that has not been contaminated with pathogens.

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Dirty

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An object that is dirty has been contaminated with pathogens.

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Disinfection

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A process that kills pathogens. Disinfection does not destroy all pathogens. It reduces pathogen count to a level that is not considered infectious. Carried out with pasteurization or chemical germicides. Any reusable health care equipment requires disinfection.

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Sterilization

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A measure that destroys all microorganisms, including pathogens. Including pathogens that form spores. Hot steam, liquid or gas chemicals and dry heat are other ways to sterilize objects. Items that need sterilization are the ones that go directly into the bloodstream or into other normal sterile areas of the body.

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Spore-forming microorganisms

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A special group of organisms that produce a protective covering that is difficult to penetrate.

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Autoclave

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A machine that sterilize objects by using hot steam under pressure.

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Cleaning spills

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Use a clean up kit if provided. Absorb and remove fluid first. Scoop up and dispose on designated container. Apply proper disinfect to spill area and allow it to stand wet for 10 min. Clean up with proper cleaning solution.

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What are the 3 categories of Transmission Based Precautions?

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Airborne Precautions, Droplet Precautions, Contact Precautions.

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Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)

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(Microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents that are commonly used for treatment), such as methicillion-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and vacomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), Clostridium difficile(c.diff), Scabies, Lice, Influenza.

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Airborne Precautions

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Disease that is transmitted, or spread, through the air after being expelled. The pathogens are so small they can attach to moisture in the air and remain floating for some time. May need to wear a mask or HEPA mask, N95 special mask. Diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, and chickenpox.

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Droplet Precaution

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Used for diseases that spread through droplets in the air. Droplets normally do not travel more than three feet, but they may travel further. CDC droplet distance should be 6 feet for influenza. Coughing, sneezing, Laughing, talking, or suctioning can spread droplets. Droplet disease is mumps.

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Contact Precautions

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Used when there is a risk of spreading or contracting a microorganism by touching an infected object or person. Bacteria can infect an open skin wound. Ex. Conjunctivitis (pink eye), Clostridium difficile. Can occur with skin-to-skin contact during transfers or bathing. Will be in isolation. In addition to Standard Precaution.

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Bloodborne Pathogens

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Microorganisms found in human blood that can cause infection and disease in humans. Standard precaution, isolation, handwashing and PPE are prevention methods. Hugs and touches can not spread. Ex. Hiv/aids, hepatitis B(HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis D(HDV),hepatitis E (HEV), jaundice,

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OSHA'S Bloodborne Pathogens Standard

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Law that requires healthcare facilities protect employees from bloodborne health hazards.

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Exposure control plan

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Step by step plan designed to eliminate or reduce employee exposure to infectious material and what to do if they are.

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What is Tuberculosis?

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(TB) a highly contagious lung disease caused by a bacterium that is carried on mucous droplets suspended in the air. Airborne disease. Talks, coughs, sneezes, breathes, sings, laughs. Can be cured with meds or if untreated death can occur.

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What are the 2 types of TB?

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Latent TB infection and TB disease.

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Latent TB infection

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Carries the disease but does not show symptoms and can not infect others. It can become active and it will multiply in body and cause TB disease.

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Multidrug-resistant TB

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(MDR-TB) type of TB that can develop when a person with TB disease does not take all prescribed medication. Resistance means drug no longer works to kill specific bacteria.

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Phlegm

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Thick mucus from the respiratory passage.

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MRSA

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An antibiotic resistant infection often acquired in healthcare facilities.

HA-MRSA it means hospital-associated MRSA.

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CA-MRSA

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- no past diagnosis of mrsa, not hospital associated, manifests in skin infections, such as boils or pimples.

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VRE

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Vacomycin-resistant enterococcus. Enterococci are bacteria that live in the digestive and genital tracts.

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C. DIFF

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Clostridium difficile- a spore forming bacterium which can be part of the normal intestinal flora. Flourishes in the intestinal tract. It produces a toxin that causes watery diarrhea. Can cause colitis.

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Employers' Responsibilities for Infection Prevention

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1. Establish infection Prevention Procedures and an exposure control plan to protect workers.

2. Provide continuing education on bloodborne and airborne pathogens and updates on safety standards

3. Have written procedures to follow should an exposure occur, Including medical plans.

4. Provide personal protective equipment.

5. Provide free hepatitis B vaccinations for all employees.

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Employees' Responsibilities for Infection Prevention

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1. Follow Standard Precautions

2. Follow all policies and procedures

3. Follow care plans ad assignments

4. Used provided PPE appropriately

5. Take advantage of Hepatitis B vaccinations

6. Report any exposure to infection immediately

7. Participate in annual education programs.

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Where can bloodborne Pathogens found?

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Can be found in body fluids, draining wounds, and mucus membranes. An be transmitted by infected blood entering the bloodstream, or if infected semen or vaginal secretions contact mucous membranes. Hands, genitals, anus, sharing needles, genital/mouth contact, can be transmitted to babies in the womb, splashing blood, contaminated supplies or equipment.