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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: Theory
List: 3 Major Components |
An abstract generalization that offers a systematics explanation of the relationships between events.
The major factors that influence the phenomena. The relationship between those factors. The conditions under which those relationships do/do not exist. |
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Define: Model
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A generalized, hypothetical description used to analyse or explain something. Predicts but does not explain behavior.
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Define: Concept
Define: Construct Define: Variable |
Concept: major component of a theory
Construct: a concept adopted for use in a particular theory Variable: the operational form of constructs which specify how a construct is to be measured in a specific situation. Example. A personal belief is a concept, perceived susceptibility is a construct in the health belief model, and a questionnaire is designed to measure the variables. |
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How and why is a theory useful?
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A theory can...
Help understand the nature of a problem, Describe motivations and needs, Explain how to change health status or determinants, Guide the types of interventions needed to accomplish goals/objectives Inform the methods/measures used to monitor the problem A theory can be used in the planning, implementation, and evaluation phases of program development. |
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Describe and illustrate the Health Belief Model.
Give an example. |
Perceived susceptibility: "I am at risk for becoming infected with HPV"
Perceived seriousness: "HPV can lead to cancer" Demographics, Socio-psychological & Structural Variables: 35y/o female, single, sexually active Level of Threat: "I think that cervical cancer is a threat to my personal health" Cues to Action: Friend was recently tested with invasive cervical cancer Perceived Benefits: Pap smear is effective in early detection Perceived Barriers: Pap smear requires an appointment & can be embarrassing Likelihood of Action: "I will make an appointment to have a pap smear" |
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Describe and illustrate the Social Cognitive Theory.
What are the major concepts in SCT? |
Environment: physically external factors
Expectancies: value that a person places on a given outcome Behavioral capacity: knowledge and skill to perform a given behavior Observational learning: behavioral acquisition that occurs by watching the actions and outcomes of others' behaviors Self-efficacy: Person's confidence in performing a particular behavior and in overcoming barriers to that behavior |
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Describe and illustrate the Theory of Planned Behavior.
Give an example. |
Attitude toward the behavior: "Pap smears are important to prevent cervical cancer"
Subjective Norm: Friends have gone to get theirs Perceived Behavioral Control: "I can make and keep an appointment" Intention: "I will get a pap smear" Behavior: Has yearly pap smear |
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Describe and illustrate the Transtheoretical Theory.
Give an example. Name the process of change associated with each stage. |
Precontemplation: "Obesity is bad for your health" (Conscious raising)
Contemplation: Thinking about foods that are in the house (Environmental Re-Evaluation) Preparation: "I'll be able to wear the jeans in the closet" (Self-Liberation) Action: Cutting down on meal portion sizes (Self-Liberation) Maintenance: Buys a new swimsuit with weight loss goal (Reinforcement Management) Also Relapse and Termination. |
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Define: Marketing Segments
Give an example. |
A group of people/organizations with similar characteristics that cause them to have similar product and/or service needs.
Example: nurses, mothers, students |
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Define: Social Marketing
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Media trying to "sell" health through behaviors (including beliefs, ideas, and attitudes) and/or products.
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What are the "4 Ps"?
Define each and give an example. |
Product: The physical thing or behavior/belief that you are selling.
Example: condoms, medical exams, breastfeeding Price: What the consumer has to do to get the product. Example: monetary, time, emberrassment Place: Where your product reaches the consumer Example. Doctor's office, mall, mass media Promotion: Integrated use of advertising, public relations, promotions, media, and personal selling to raise social conciousness of product. Example. PSA, paid ads, media events, displays |
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Define: Diffusion Theory
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Theory that explains how, why and at what rate new ideas/technology spread via channels among members of a social system.
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Define: Community-Based Programming.
Describe the main characteristics. |
The process in which health professionals name and define the health problem, develop strategies, involve the local community, and work to transfer the major responsibility for ongoing programs to local groups.
Characteristics: The problem name is given Defined program time-lines Goal: Change in specific behavior Decision-making rests principally with agency |
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Define Community Development.
Describe the main characteristics. |
The process of supporting community groups in identifying and addressing their health issues, supporting their strategies for social action/change, and promoting self-reliance and decision-making power as a result of their activities.
Characteristics: Problem name starts with group and is negotiated Work is longer-term. Goal: Increase in group capacity Power relations are constantly negotiated |
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What are the four pillars of community empowerment?
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Raising critical consciousness
Increasing community participation and control Strengthening social ties Facilitating the development of community capacities |
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Define: Victim Blaming
Describe how/why is occurs in the Canadian health system. |
North American emphasis on role responsibility and causal responsibility. However, when we focus on individual behavior there is a risk of inadvertently blaming people for health problems which result from conditions outside of their control. Ultimately, victim blaming enforces power-over relations.
Personal responsibility was originally intended to be empowering, however decisions are never made without context. There are more factors at play, and relying solely on individual decision-making ignores those factors. Even when statistically corrected for at-risk behaviors, socio-environmental conditions such as poverty are still health risks themselves. Example: The obesity paradox (food insecurity is correlated with higher rates of obesity) |
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What effect did the Ottawa Charter have on perspectives on public health policy in Canada?
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More balanced approach to individual responsibility and social responsibility. Included: strengthening community action, developing personal skills, creating supportive environments, health services, and enabling/advocacy.
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Labonte described the following issues in relation to community development approaches. Describe the effect of each:
Romanticization Bureaucratization Anti-professionalism Decentralization Self-help |
Romanticization: Belief that communities can do no wrong
Bureaucratization: When health professionals try to use conventional planning strategies to approach community driven issues Anti-professionalism: Past health practices have not been all wrong and health professionals should not discredit their own professional efforts Decentralization: need to temper decentralization with recognition that most policies are made not at the local level, but at national and international level Self-Help: has been used to cope with program cutbacks, and accepts the reprivatization of social policy Self-help |
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Describe the Socio-environmental approach.
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Asks whether or not people "choose" poor health or if their environments pose obstacles and barriers that influence their ability to engage in healthy behaviors.
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Name the important strategies for socio-environmental interventions.
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Community development approach
Working with coalitions & groups Advocacy & Lobbying Healthy Public Policy |
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Name Labonte's Disease Determinants.
Hint: High Risk Conditions, Psychosocial Risk Factors, Behavioral Risk Factors, Physiological Risk Factors |
Poverty
Low Social Status Stressful Work Environmental Pollutants Natural resource depletion Greenhouse effect Ozone Depletion Discrimination Steep power hierarchy Individualism, Competitiveness, and Meritocracy (get what deserve, deserve what get) Isolation Lack of social support Low self-esteem Low perceived power High self-blame Loss of meaning or purpose Smoking Poor Nutrition Physical Inactivity Substance Abuse Hypertension Hypercholesteremia |
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Define: Immediate Causes of Health
Define: Underlying Causes of Health Define: Basic Causes of Health Give an example for each. |
Immediate: What is observes at the individual level or seen in the typical affected person
Example: Obesity, High BP, Diabetes Underlying: Causes seen at household, neighbourhood, town or city level (long term goals) Example: Lack of recreational programs, Limited access to local food Basic: Political, Cultural, Ideological and economic structures in society (Labonte’s Risk Conditions) Example: Unemployment, Low social status, Low income |
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Describe the "Grassroots" process of community development.
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Communities become more responsive
Organize and plan together Develop health options Empower themselves Reduce ignorance, poverty, and suffering Create employment and economic opportunities Achieve social, economic, cultural and environmental goals |
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Describe the criteria for choosing a group to organize/support in community development
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Community readiness (common issue, aware of power to act together, inclusive, willingness to seek out common ground),
unmet needs, agency can be value-add (knowledge/skills relevant to the group’s issue) overlap with agency and group’s interest, a new group needs to be organized, group will grow and become autonomous, group is open in membership and accountable, group Is internally democratic |
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Define: Stakeholder
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Person or group who has decision making authority,
Has essential resources, Is significantly affects by the decision, Can block the decision by resources, right or authority |
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What is a force field analysis?
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Identifies driving forces and restraining forces surrounding an issue
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What are the stages of the community planning process?
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Create the vision
Assess the situation Set Goal Establish Objectives Develop Action Plan Implement Plan Evaluation Progress and results |
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What is the role of the community health nurse as a community developer?
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• Apply knowledge of community assessment and community development models to assist/facilitate public participation in identifying and defining health issues
Promotes community involvement in decision making and ownership of constructive changes which enhance the community’s health Assist in development of health programs based on community assessment outcome in order to meet needs of community Fosters and facilitates inter-agency linkages and working relationships Uses awareness of factors which impact on or affect health such as social, cultural and economic issues as well as environmental hazards I.E. Provide resources, assist with skills development, assist with research, planning action, support local community |
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What are some common mistakes in community development
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Failure to take time to develop support
Imposing vision on community members Failing to involve all stakeholders Starting out strong, then fizzling-out Leaders who take control but do not build community ownership Volunteers/paid staff who take an active role and see the initiative belonging to them |
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When should support be withdrawn?
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Meeting for the sake of meeting
No issues or actions or not potential for the group to really address the actions Dependency upon the community health workers |
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What are political and practical limitations to community development?
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Managing power differentaials
Meeting unique community needs Reconsidering nurses' professional role Funding and agency mandates Long time lines are often needed |
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What is the relationship between social gap, average income, and population health?
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Social gap is a stronger indicator of health than average income.
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SDOH Indicators
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page 4
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What are the key features of an effective group?
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Accomplishes its task/purpose
Meets the needs of its members Responds to the environment |
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What are the main group functions?
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Task functions: Help group reach its goal
Initiating, Opinion seeking/sharing, Clarifying & elaborating, Summerizing Internal maintenance functions: Help group harmony and relationships within Gatekeeping, supporting, harmonizing/compromising, diagnosing/standards/testing, energizing Boundary management functions: relationship with the larger community Boundary defining, scouting, technology gatekeeping, translating, negotiating, guarding, patrolling, entry & exit management |
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What are some nursing strategies for building a group?
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Consider the logistics
Allow time and opportunity for group to come together Obtain agreement on goals Establish norms that are productive and understood by all Establish safe environment Agree on decision-making process |
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Define: Healthy Public Policy
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Policies that work to make healthy choices the easiest choice.
Policies shape how money, power and material resources flow through society. Differs from "Healthy Policy" which looks at how we provide health care Exampes: minimum wage, tuition policy, training programs, affordable housing, accessible health services, social assistance |
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Define: Formative Evaluation
Define: Summative Evaluation |
Formative: occurs during the formation of the community program; allows for modification
Summative: measurement of program outcomes or end results |
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What are the components of a program logic model?
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CAT SOLO
Components Activities Target Groups Short Term Outcomes Long Term Outcomes |
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What is the emphasis of a short-term outcome?
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Changes in knowledge, attitudes, emotional well-being, satisfactions
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What is the emphasis of a long-term outcome?
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Health status, presence of policy, presence of health care system services
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